• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.367-372
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• 2014

Background: We compared the mid-term results of the Cox maze IV procedure using argon-based cryoablation with a procedure using $N_2O$-based cryoablation. Methods: From May 2006 to June 2012, 138 patients (mean age, $58.2{\pm}11.0$ years) underwent the Cox maze IV procedure. Eighty-five patients underwent the maze procedure using an $N_2O$-based cryoprobe (group N), and 53 patients underwent the maze procedure using an argon-based cryoprobe (group A). Bipolar radiofrequency ablation was concomitantly used in 131 patients. The presence of atrial fibrillation immediately, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after surgery was compared. Results: Early mortality occurred in 6 patients (4.3%). There were no differences in early mortality or postoperative complications between the two groups. Nineteen of 115 patients (16.5%) remained in atrial fibrillation at postoperative 12 months (14 of 80 patients (17.5%) in group N and 5 of 35 patients (14.3%) in group A, p=0.669). There were no differences in the number of patients who remained in atrial fibrillation at any of the time periods except in the immediate postoperative period. A multivariable analysis revealed that the energy source of cryoablation was not associated with the presence of atrial fibrillation at 1 year (p=0.862) and that a fine F wave (<0.1 mV) was the only risk factor predicting the presence of atrial fibrillation at 1 year (p<0.001, odds ratio=20.287). Conclusion: The Cox maze IV procedure using an argon-based cryoprobe was safe and effective compared with the maze procedure using an $N_2O$-based cryoprobe in terms of operative outcomes and the restoration of sinus rhythm for up to 2 years after surgery.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2020

Ahn-heung Proving Ground(APG) of Agency for Defense Development(ADD) is the only weapon test site which has been performing firing tests for many kinds of missile, artillery and ammunition. APG has been performing the firing tests of so many times every year. The tests related to missiles, artillery and ammunitions cover 80% among the quantity of annual test events. The target area of many kinds of missile, artillery and ammunition is on the sea. Therefore, APG has its marine firing ranges which were approved by the ministry of Defense. Both weapons and ships can run into each other on the sea. APG has to monitor and detect the positions of the ships in the specific dangerous zone on the sea. The positions of the ships are detected by Scanter 2001 radar and GPS100 detection radar. Evading the time period when the ships appear very often on the sea may be a good solution to keep the maritime safety. And evading the place where the ships appear very often on the sea may be a good solution as well. This paper is to analyze the ships' distribution characteristics of marine firing range, which are to raise the efficiency of many kinds firing tests which have been performed in APG of ADD. Ship distribution data from February 2014 to December 2016 were used in this paper. Ship distribution was analyzed with monthly data, seasonal data and etc. The number of the ships in approved sea area is higher in the morning than in the afternoon, and in fall than other seasons, and from August to November, and below 0.5 m in the hight of wave. Using the these conditions, we can raise the test efficiency of many kinds firing tests and guarantee maritime safety. The number of the ships in approved sea area is entirely unrelated to visibility of the sea. The time period when the number of the ships are high on the sea is morning. The season when the number of the ships are comparatively high on the sea is fall. APG of ADD could raise the efficiency of the firing tests and improve the maritime safety, using the analysis results of the characteristics on the ship distribution.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.17-27
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• 2015

최근 우리 정부는 안전한 대한민국이라는 슬로건 아래 지진재해를 포함한 자연재해피해를 최소화하는데 많은 노력을 집중하고 있으며, 이를 위해 산사태 위험도와 액상화 위험도와 같은 지진 시 지반피해 GIS 시스템 데이터가 구축되고 있는 실정이다. 우리나라 전역을 포함하는 지진 시 액상화 위험도를 작성하기 위해서는 수많은 지반시추정보에 대한 적용성 검토가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 액상화 위험도 작성을 위해 인구밀도가 높은 광역지역의 지반증폭계수를 검토하였으며 이를 위해 S시 522개 시추공지반 정보를 수집하여 지반응답해석을 수행하였다. 이때 지반분류는 지반정보의 불확실성을 고려하고자 현행 내진 설계기준에서 제안하고 있는 시추종료 깊이 이후의 지반 정보를 30m로 가정하는 경우와 지반정보의 오리지널 데이터 값만을 이용하는 경우로 나누어 비교하였으며, 타당성 검토 시에는 지반응답해석 결과에 대한 확률분포와 통계분석을 이용하여 수행하였다. 최종적으로 정규분포를 통한 신뢰도 50%, 70%, 90%에 대한 지반증폭계수를 도출하여 액상화 위험도를 도시하였으며, 이를 지반응답해석을 통해 도시한 LPI 액상화 위험도와 비교하여 가장 유사한 값을 추천하였다. 연구결과 제안된 지반증폭계수가 향후 국내 액상화에 대한 연구와 중진지역의 광역지역 액상화 위험도 작성에 큰 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2009년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.456-456
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• 2009

Boron doping on an n-type Si wafer is requisite process for IBC (Interdigitated Back Contact) solar cells. Fiber laser annealing is one of boron doping methods. For the boron doping, uniformly coated or deposited film is highly required. Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method provides a uniform dopant film or layer which can facilitate doping. Because amorphous silicon layer absorption range for the wavelength of fiber laser does not match well for the direct annealing. In this study, to enhance thermal affection on the existing p-a-Si:H layer, a ${\mu}c$-Si:H intrinsic layer was deposited on the p-a-Si:H layer additionally by PECVD. To improve heat transfer rate to the amorphous silicon layer, and as heating both sides and protecting boron eliminating from the amorphous silicon layer. For p-a-Si:H layer with the ratio of $SiH_4$ : $B_2H_6$ : $H_2$ = 30 : 30 : 120, at $200^{\circ}C$, 50 W, 0.2 Torr for 30 minutes, and for ${\mu}c$-Si:H intrinsic layer, $SiH_4$ : $H_2$ = 10 : 300, at $200^{\circ}C$, 30 W, 0.5 Torr for 60 minutes, 2 cm $\times$ 2 cm size wafers were used. In consequence of comparing the results of lifetime measurement and sheet resistance relation, the laser condition set of 20 ~ 27 % of power, 150 ~ 160 kHz, 20 ~ 50 mm/s of marking speed, and $10\;{\sim}\;50 {\mu}m$ spacing with continuous wave mode of scanner lens showed the correlation between lifetime and sheet resistance as $100\;{\Omega}/sq$ and $11.8\;{\mu}s$ vs. $17\;{\Omega}/sq$ and $8.2\;{\mu}s$. Comparing to the singly deposited p-a-Si:H layer case, the additional ${\mu}c$-Si:H layer for doping resulted in no trade-offs, but showed slight improvement of both lifetime and sheet resistance, however sheet resistance might be confined by the additional intrinsic layer. This might come from the ineffective crystallization of amorphous silicon layer. For the additional layer case, lifetime and sheet resistance were measured as $84.8\;{\Omega}/sq$ and $11.09\;{\mu}s$ vs. $79.8\;{\Omega}/sq$ and $11.93\;{\mu}s$. The co-existence of $n^+$layeronthesamesurfaceandeliminating the laser damage should be taken into account for an IBC solar cell structure. Heavily doped uniform boron layer by fiber laser brings not only basic and essential conditions for the beginning step of IBC solar cell fabrication processes, but also the controllable doping concentration and depth that can be established according to the deposition conditions of layers.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2009년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.23-23
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• 2009

GaN-based nitride semiconductors have attracted considerable attention in high-brightness light-emitting-diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs) covering from green to ultraviolet spectral range. LED and LD heterostructures are usually grown on (0001)-$Al_2O_3$. The large lattice mismatch between $Al_2O_3$ substrates and the GaN layers leads to a high density of defects(dislocations and stacking faults). Moreover, Ga and N atoms are arranged along the polar [0001] crystallographic direction, which leads to spontaneous polarization. In addition, in the InGaN/GaN MQWs heterostructures, stress applied along the same axis can also give rise to piezoelectric polarization. The total polarization, which is the sum of spontaneous and piezoelectric polarizations, is aligned along the [0001] direction of the wurtzite heterostructures. The change in the total polarization across the heterolayers results in high interface charge densities and spatial separation of the electron and hole wave functions, redshifting the photoluminescence peak and decreasing the peak intensity. The effect of polarization charges in the GaN-based heterostructures can be eliminated by growing along the non-polar [$11\bar{2}0$] (a-axis) or [$1\bar{1}00$] (m-axis) orientation instead of thecommonly used polar [0001] (c-axis). For non-polar GaN growth on non-polar substrates, the GaN films have high density of planar defects (basal stacking fault BSFs, prismatic stacking fault PSFs), because the SFs are formed on the basal plane (c-plane) due to their low formation energy. A significant reduction in defect density was recently achieved by applying blocking layer such as SiN, AlN, and AlGaN in non-polar GaN. In this work, we were performed systematic studies of the defects in the nonpolar GaN by conventional and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.565-574
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• 2002

항공사진과 지형측량 등 기존의 연구자료를 기반으로 선정된 지역인 대부도 조간대 지역에서 침식연안의 퇴적학적 특징을 연구하기 위해 표층퇴적물 137개 및 1개의. 코아 퇴적물을 채취하여 분석하였다. 조상대 지역은 만조와 폭풍 시에 파랑과 조석에 의해서 침식되어진 육상퇴적물과 조석에 의해서 유입되는 세립 퇴적물이 퇴적되어 불량한 분급, 양의 왜도, 다모드(다기원)형 입도분포가 특징적으로 나타나고 있으며 주로 밑짐이동으로 운반되어 지고 있다. 반면, 상부조간대, 중부조간대, 하부조간대에서는 서해안에서 나타나는 일반적인 특징과 마찬가지로 외해로 갈수록 조립해지고 상대적으로 분급도가 양호하며 양의 왜도를 가지고 있다. 조석에 의한 승강작용에 의한 에너지 분산에 의해서 점이부유(graded suspension와 지속적 부유(uniform suspension)에 의해서 운반, 퇴적된다. 또한, 코아시료는 상향조립하고 분급도가 불량해지는데 이는 육상기원의 침식된 퇴적물이 유입되어 나타난 것으로 판단된다. 연구지역은 인위적 요인과 자연적 요인인 조석 만조 시에 태풍과 폭풍 그리고 장단기 해수면 상승에 의한 강한 파랑에 의한 자연적 침식된 지역으로 구성되어 있으며 해안침식을 받고 있다. 그러므로 대조차 침식연안은 만조시에 해안의 지역적, 시간적, 수리학적 상태에 의해서 영향을 받으며 조간대 지역은 전반적인 조간대 퇴적환경을 보인다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.105-110
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• 2010

Purpose: It has been reported that low-level semiconductor diode lasers could enhance the wound healing process. The periodontal ligament is crucial for maintaining the tooth and surrounding tissues in periodontal wound healing. While low-level semiconductor diode lasers have been used in low-level laser therapy, there have been few reports on their effects on periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs). We performed this study to investigate the biological effects of semiconductor diode lasers on human PDLFs. Methods: Human PDLFs were cultured and irradiated with a gallium-aluminum-arsenate (GaAlAs) semiconductor diode laser of which the wavelength was 810 nm. The power output was fixed at 500 mW in the continuous wave mode with various energy fluencies, which were 1.97, 3.94, and 5.91 $J/cm^2$. A culture of PDLFs without laser irradiation was regarded as a control. Then, cells were additionally incubated in 72 hours for MTS assay and an alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity test. At 48 hours post-laser irradiation, western blot analysis was performed to determine extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity. ANOVA was used to assess the significance level of the differences among groups (P<0.05). Results: At all energy fluencies of laser irradiation, PDLFs proliferation gradually increased for 72 hours without any significant differences compared with the control over the entire period taken together. However, an increment of cell proliferation significantly greater than in the control occurred between 24 and 48 hours at laser irradiation settings of 1.97 and 3.94 $J/cm^2$ (P<0.05). The highest ALPase activity was found at 48 and 72 hours post-laser irradiation with 3.94 $J/cm^2$ energy fluency (P<0.05). The phosphorylated ERK level was more prominent at 3.94 $J/cm^2$ energy fluency than in the control. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that the GaAlAs semiconductor diode laser promoted proliferation and differentiation of human PDLFs.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.43-57
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• 2010

Objectives : To investigate the effects of electroacupuncture on parameters related to obesity in adults with abdominal obesity. Methods : A three arm randomized single blind pilot study was conducted from Jan 4 to March 25, 2010 in Kyung Hee Oriental Medical Hospital. The subjects were 39 adults with abdominal obesity and were randomly divided by computer generated random table into 3 groups; EA(electroacupuncture), sham EA(sham electroacupuncture) and waitlist groups. Acupuncture points located at abdomen($CV_{12}$, $CV_6$, $ST_{25}$, $SP_{15}$, $SP_{14}$) and extremities($LI_4$, $LI_{11}$, $ST_{36}$, $ST_{44}$) were inserted by disposable stainless steel needles and were stimulated 30 minutes with 24Hz, 0.27~1.3mA(tolerable strength), asymmetric biphasic continuous pulse wave form by STN-111 Stratek device in EA group. Two treatment sessions per week for 5 weeks(10 sessions in total) were done in EA and sham EA groups. The primary outcome measurement was WC(waist circumference), and the secondary outcome measurements included WHR(waist hip ratio), ASF(thickness of abdominal subcutaneous fat), and inbody measurements of BW(body weight), BMI(body mass index), BFR(body fat ratio) and VFA(visceral fat area), and also scores of BULIT-R(bulimia test revised), KoQoL(Korean obesity of QoL) and BSQ(body shape questionnaire). Results : All of 39 subjects were included in ITT(intention-to-treat) analysis. There were significant reductions in WC, WHR and ASF after 5-week electroacupuncture treatments and the percentage reductions were significantly greater than sham EA or waitlist group. There were no significant differences between groups in percentage reductions of other parameters(BW, BMI, BFR, VFA, BULIT-R, KoQoL and BSQ). But, there were continuous reductions in BW, BMI, BFR and VFA at 3 weeks after the end of treatment and there was significant reduction in BW compared with the baseline value in EA group. No seriously adverse effects were reported during the period. Conclusions : Electroacupuncture was more effective than sham electroacupuncture or no intervention on the reduction of WC, WHR and ASF in adults with abdominal obesity.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.33-39
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• 2000

낮은 형상요소를 갖는 표면탄성파 대역통과 필터의 주파수 특성을 구현하기 위하여 35° Y-cut Quartz 표면에 빗살무늬 변환기를 형성시켜 모의실험을 수행하였으며, 전극재료로는 Al을 이용하였다. 이 모의실험에서 얻은 조건들로부터 필터를 설계하였으며, 필터의 입력단에는 apodization weighted형 빗살무늬 변환기를 이용하고, 출력단에는 withdrawal weighted형 빗살무늬 변환기로 필터를 구성하였다. 또한, 입·출력 빗살무늬 변환기의 전극 수는 리플의 영향을 최소화하기 위해 Kaiser-Bessel 창함수를 이용하였으며, 각각 2200쌍과 1000쌍으로 하였다. 그리고, 빗살무늬 변환기 전극의 폭은 6㎛, 간격은 5.75㎛ 및 두께는 표면탄성파 파장과의 비를 고려해 6000Å으로 할 때 최적의 결과를 얻을 수 있었으며, 구경은 임피던스 정합을 위해 2mm로 하였다. 제작한 표면탄성파 대역통과 필터의 중심주파수는 70MHz, 형상요소는 1.3이하, 1.5dB에서의 통과 대역은 1.3MHz, 저지대역은 -45dB, 삽입손실은 19dB, 통과 대역폭 내의 리플은 1dB정도로 측정되었다. 따라서, 제작한 필터의 주파수 응답과 특성은 설계조건과 잘 일치하였다.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.436-442
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• 2008

최근 VHTR(very high temperature reactor)에 대한 연구에서 흑연이 노심내 구조재, 반사재, 감속재로서 가장 적절한 재료로 인식되고 있다. 운전온도는 약 $900^{\circ}C$로 원자로 내부에 유입되는 소량의 불순물에도 흑연은 산화되기 쉬우며 산화된 흑연은 공극률이 증가하며 구조재료로서 가져야 할 파괴인성이 낮아진다. 본 연구에서는 산화 전후의 흑연에 대하여 초음파특성을 측정하고, 이를 기반으로 흑연에 대한 초음파탐상검사의 유효성을 타진하였다. 흑연의 초음파특성 측정 결과 초음파속도는 탄소강의 약 1/2, 음파 감쇠는 5배 이상, 신호대잡음비는 약 1/3로 측정되었다. 산화 후, 초음파속도는 as-received 상태에 비하여 미소하게 감소되었으나 초음파감쇠는 200% 이상으로 그 차이가 두드러지게 나타났다. 신호대잡음비에 기반하여 POD (probability of detection)을 산출한 결과, 100 mm 미만의 깊이를 가지는 측면공(SDH; side drilled hole)는 산화 전후에 큰 차이를 나타내지 않으므로 해당 깊이를 가지는 결함에 대해서 초음파탐상검사는 비교적 신뢰성 있는 검사를 수행할 수 있다고 판단된다. 상용 자동초음파탐상 장비에서의 테스트 결과 80 mm이하의 깊이에서는 인적오류가 크지 않을 것으로 예상할 수 있었으며, 위상배열 초음파 기법을 통한 검사를 수행한 결과 역시 양호한 신호대잡음비로 측면공들을 모두 검출할 수 있었다.