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A Study on the Usage of Miào(廟) and Gōng(宮) in Zhou Dynasty through the Mentions to Them in the Scripture Sentences of 『Chūn-qiū(春秋)』 - In the Process of Investigating the Existence of Zhou Dynasty's System to Regulate the Number of Zōng-miào(宗廟) 【1/2】 (『춘추』 경문에서의 묘(廟)·궁(宮) 언급을 통한 주대(周代)의 그 쓰임 사례 일고찰 - 주대의 묘수제(廟數制) 실재 여부에 대한 궁구 과정에서 【1/2】-)

  • Seo, Jeong-Hwa
    • The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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    • no.57
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    • pp.57-90
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    • 2018
  • In this discussion, as a way to verify the existence of the system to regulate Zhou dynasty's $z{\bar{o}}ng-mi{\grave{a}}o$(宗廟) numbers, the discussion was focused on '$mi{\grave{a}}o$ (廟)' and '$g{\bar{o}}ng$(宮)' in the records of "$Ch{\bar{u}}n-qi{\bar{u}}$(春秋)". As for the parts where the contents of scripture sentences were not specific, the context of the case was investigated through the writings in "$Zu{\breve{o}}-zhu{\grave{a}}n$(左傳)" and other materials. In the cases of the usage of the letter, '$mi{\grave{a}}o$(廟 : a ruler's house, a nation's royal court)', in the scripture sentences in "$Ch{\bar{u}}n-qi{\bar{u}}$(春秋)", the followings need to be noticed. In $t{\grave{a}}i-mi{\grave{a}}o$(太廟) of State $L{\check{u}}$(魯), nationwide events and a ruler's political ancestral rite, $d{\grave{i}}$(?) ritual, were performed, and fancy tools for ancestral rites used in those rituals were equipped. As for the $z{\bar{o}}ng-mi{\grave{a}}o$(宗廟) of a ruler of those times, a ritual of royal court, $ch{\acute{a}}o$(朝) rite, was performed. The usage case of the letter, '$g{\bar{o}}ng$(宮 : house)', is as the following. In $g{\bar{o}}ng$(宮) where a ruler's personal family lived was a family ancestral rite for them carried out. The record about the ornate decorating for the $hu{\acute{a}}n-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(桓宮), which can be said to have been the political base of $s{\bar{a}}n-hu{\acute{a}}n-sh{\grave{i}}$(三桓氏), three politically noble families of State $L{\check{u}}$(魯), is outstanding. The $x{\bar{i}}-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(西宮) during $X{\bar{i}}-g{\bar{o}}ng$(魯 僖公)'s reign and a $x{\bar{i}}n-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(新宮 : a newly built house) destroyed by fire at the third year of $Ch{\acute{e}}ng-g{\bar{o}}ng$(魯 成公), are assumed to have been a ruler's another house, such as the $ch{\check{u}}-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(楚宮) in which $Xi{\bar{a}}ng-g{\bar{o}}ng$(魯 襄公) used to enjoy staying, which is different from the viewpoint that it might be a $m{\acute{i}}-g{\bar{o}}ng$ shrine(?宮 : a house constructed as a shrine for the deceased father or the deceased grand father) that had been formed since Han dynasty. It has been discussed that, regarding the records that the '$w{\check{u}}-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(武宮) was built' and that the '$y{\acute{a}}ng-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(煬宮) was built', certain buildings were established with the symbols of '$w{\check{u}}$(武 : martial arts and force of arms)' and '$y{\acute{a}}ng$(煬 : to burn and get rid of everything)', and the events that a lord stood as its lord continued. Therefore, its main goal was not the performance of a dutiful ancestral rite by a ruler of those times for deceased rulers, for instance, $W{\check{u}}-g{\bar{o}}ng$(魯 武公) or $Y{\acute{a}}ng-g{\bar{o}}ng$(魯 煬公), but display of certain political symbolism through the ritual. This symbolism is most obvious with the $hu{\acute{a}}n-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(桓宮) and the $x{\bar{i}}-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(僖宮). As a consequence, all $mi{\grave{a}}os$(廟) and $g{\bar{o}}ngs$(宮) in scripture sentences had the functions of a shrine in some part, but it has been verified that they were not the buildings set up as a shrine to follow '$z{\bar{o}}ng-mi{\grave{a}}o$(宗廟)'s number regulation system' of '$ti{\bar{a}}nz{\check{i}}-7-mi{\grave{a}}o$(天子七廟 : an emperor owns seven $mi{\grave{a}}os$(廟))' or '$zh{\bar{u}}h{\acute{o}}u-5-mi{\grave{a}}o$(諸侯五廟 : a lord owns five $mi{\grave{a}}os$(廟))'.

Measurement of Size of Ovaries, Follicles, and Corpus Lutea by Ultrasonography with Jeju Horse (초음파상을 이용한 제주마의 난소, 난포 및 황체의 크기 측정)

  • Yoo, J.G.;Kang, M.S.;Son, W.J.;Yun, Y.M.;Lee, J.M.;Kang, T.Y.
    • Journal of Embryo Transfer
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.191-194
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    • 2007
  • The purpose of the present study was to set up basic information of size and status of ovaries by using ultrasonography to retrieve in vivo matured oocytes with ovum pick- up method. Ovaries were collected from the abattoir in Jeju in May and June which is breeding season. When the size of ovaries on ultrasonography was compared with real size measured by caliper, no significant difference was shown (p<0.05). The number of preovulatory follicles (>21mm) was investigated with ultrasonography and naked eyes. Ultrasonography group had 0.83 preovulatory follicles per ovary and naked-eye group had 0.75 preovulatory follicle per ovary and their average size was 2.86 cm and 2.34 cm, respectively. The average number of follicle was 4.25 with ultrasonography and 4.38 with naked eyes. There was no significant difference considering the size of follicle and number of follicle between ultrasonography and actual size except for the size of preovulatory follicle, suggesting that information of ultrasonography is able to use for OPU or other reproductive technology of mare.

Long Non-coding RNAs are Differentially Expressed in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines with Differing Metastatic Potential

  • Fang, Ting-Ting;Sun, Xiao-Jing;Chen, Jie;Zhao, Yan;Sun, Rui-Xia;Ren, Ning;Liu, Bin-Bin
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.15 no.23
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    • pp.10513-10524
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    • 2015
  • Background: Metastasis is a major reason for poor prognosis in patients with cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A salient feature is the ability of cancer cells to colonize different organs. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in numerous cellular processes, including metastasis. Materials and Methods: In this study, the lncRNA expression profiles of two HCC cell lines, one with high potential for metastasis to the lung (HCCLM3) and the other to lymph nodes (HCCLYM-H2) were assessed using the Arraystar Human LncRNA Array v2.0, which contains 33,045 lncRNAs and 30,215 mRNAs. Coding-non-coding gene co-expression (CNC) networks were constructed and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to identify lncRNAs with potential functions in organ-specific metastasis. Levels of two representative lncRNAs and one representative mRNA, RP5-1014O16.1, lincRNA-TSPAN8 and TSPAN8, were further detected in HCC cell lines with differing metastasis potential by qRT-PCR. Results: Using microarray data, we identified 1,482 lncRNAs and 1,629 mRNAs that were differentially expressed (${\geq}1.5$ fold-change) between the two HCC cell lines. The most upregulated lncRNAs in H2 were RP11-672F9.1, RP5-1014O16.1, and RP11-501G6.1, while the most downregulated ones were lincRNA-TSPAN8, lincRNA-CALCA, C14orf132, NCRNA00173, and CR613944. The most upregulated mRNAs in H2 were C15orf48, PSG2, and PSG8, while the most downregulated ones were CALCB, CD81, CD24, TSPAN8, and SOST. Among them, lincRNA-TSPAN8 and TSPAN8 were found highly expressed in high lung metastatic potential HCC cells, while lowly expressed in no or low lung metastatic potential HCC cells. RP5-1014O16.1 was highly expressed in high lymphatic metastatic potential HCC cell lines, while lowly expressed in no lymphatic metastatic potential HCC cell lines. Conclusions: We provide the first detailed description of lncRNA expression profiles related to organ-specific metastasis in HCC. We demonstrated that a large number of lncRNAs may play important roles in driving HCC cells to metastasize to different sites; these lncRNAs may provide novel molecular biomarkers and offer a new basis for combating metastasis in HCC cases.

Effect of Production In Vitro Embryo using Boar Frozen Semen (돼지 동결 정액을 이용한 체외 수정란 생산 효율)

  • Cho, Sang-Rae;Kim, Hyun-Jong;Choe, Chang-Yong;Son, Dong-Soo;Choi, Sun-Ho;Son, Jun-Kyu;Kim, Sung-Jae;Kim, Jae-Bum;Han, Man-Hye;Jin, Hyun-Ju
    • Journal of Embryo Transfer
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    • v.24 no.3
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    • pp.199-205
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    • 2009
  • This study was carried out to investigate the effective genetic resources preservation system using the frozen boar semen. The porcine oocytes were matured for 44 hours in NCSU-23 medium with or without 10% Porcine Follicle Fluid (PFF), 0.5 ${\mu}g/ml$ porcine FSH, 0.5 ${\mu}g/ml$ equine LH, 1.0 ${\mu}g/ml$ 17 $\beta$-estradiol ($E_2$) and 10 ng/ml Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) under mineral oil at $38.5^{\circ}C$ in humidified atmosphere of 5% $CO_2$ in air. After 44 h of culture, the oocytes were inseminated with frozen-thawed semen and fresh semen prepared with mTBM medium for 6 h. Later, set of 50 presumptive zygotes were transferred into 4-well dish (500 ${\mu}l$) of IVC medium. for embryos freezing, slow-freezing and vitrification methods were used as a cryopreservation. Differences among treatments were analyzed using General Linear Model Procedure by SAS Package (version 6.12) differences were considered significant when p<0.05. Following IVF and IVC, the rates of cleavage and blastocysts formation were significantly higher (p<0.05) in hormone supplemented group than that of hormone-free group (25.7 vs, 12.1). The development rates to cleavage and blastocysts were significantly higher in PZM-5 group than NCSU-23 group (60.3%, 46.6% vs 27.4%, 11.1%). Further improvement was achieved when PZM-5 was supplemented with FBS. Cleavage rates was significantly higher in fresh semen source group than frozen semen (66.7% vs 43.7%). However in blastocysts rates was similar two groups. Post-thaw survival rates of embryos were 1.2% and 2.2% in slow-frezing and vitrification groups, respectively. The results of our study suggest that it is still possible to improve the culture conditions and boar semen cryopreservation for enhance reproductive technology and animal genetic resources conservation.

Quality characteristics of soybean sprouts packaged with different packaging materials during their storage (포장 필름의 종류에 따른 저장 중 콩나물의 품질특성)

  • Hwang, Tae-Young
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.20 no.5
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    • pp.602-607
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    • 2013
  • Correct packaging enables processors to pack fresh produce and extend its shelf life. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different packaging materials on the weight loss, pH, $O_2$, $CO_2$ and sensory characteristics of soybean sprouts during their storage at $5^{\circ}C$ for seven days. Soybean sprouts ($320{\pm}20g$) were packaged with oriented polypropylene (OPP) and cast polypropylene (CPP) films, respectively. The $O_2$ transmission rate of the packaging materials was set to have a control of $10,000cc/m^2$.day.atm, and an OP15 and CP15 with $15,000cc/m^2$.day.atm through a pre-screening test. The average weight loss of the soybean sprouts during their storage was less than 10%, and that of the soybean sprouts with a CPP film was higher than that of the OPP film. The pH of the soybean sprouts increased during their storage regardless of their packaging materials; but compared to the pH of the soybean sprouts packaged with OPP, those packaged with CPP were higher. The $CO_2$ content of the packaging increased with a decrease in the $O_2$ content. The ratio of $CO_2$ to $O_2$ in the soybean sprouts with the OPP film was 3.5 times higher than in the soybean sprouts with the CPP film. The results of the overall sensory test showed that the marketability of the soybean sprouts packaged with OPP film and stored at $5^{\circ}C$ seemed to have been maintained effectively for six days (at a $15,000cc/m^2$.day.atm $O_2$ transmission rate). When the correlation coefficients of the control, OP15 and CP15 were analyzed, the highest correlation was shown between a control and OP15 (0.986; p<0.01).

The Relationship Between Family Related Variables and Program in Healthy Family Support Business (가족관련 변인과 건강가족지원사업 프로그램의 관계)

  • Lee, Hyoung-Ha
    • Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.167-175
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    • 2013
  • This study set out from the perception that one should develop and activate differentiated programs from those 5 programs of the Health Family Support Center (family counseling program, family education support project, family affinity culture support project, care support project, diversity family support project) on the subjects (n=299) of residents in G metropolitan city by reflecting the levels of family values, communication between family members and family relationship. To achieve the study purposes above, this study devised research questions as follows: Research question 1. What are the levels of local residents for their family values, communication between family members and family relationship? Research question 2. Is there any difference in demanding family support project programs according to the local residents' family values, communication between family members and family relationship? Following are the results of this study: First, the levels were analyzed to be more than the average (on a maximum scale of 5 points) with local residents' family values (M=3.55, S.D.=.664), communication between family members (M=3.65, S.D.=.669), family relationship (M=3.69 S.D=.584) Second, the necessity levels for family values, communication between family members and family relationship of the group below the average as compared with the group over the average was found to be significantly high in family education support project, family affinity culture support project, care support project and diversity family support project except family counseling program. Accordingly, strategic plans for increasing the participation rate for the programs by the Health Family Support Center and activating those programs could be by investigating in advance the levels of family values, communication between family members and family relationship by each program respectively and differentiating the target level for the program by the group, or by giving preference to the group below the average who have high needs of program necessity when making decisions for the participation preference of the programs.

CHALLENGING APPLICATIONS FOR FT-NIR SPECTROSCOPY

  • Goode, Jon G.;Londhe, Sameer;Dejesus, Steve;Wang, Qian
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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    • 2001.06a
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    • pp.4112-4112
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    • 2001
  • The feasibility of NIR spectroscopy as a quick and nondestructive method for quality control of uniformity of coating thickness of pharmaceutical tablets was investigated. Near infrared spectra of a set of pharmaceutical tablets with varying coating thickness were measured with a diffuse reflectance fiber optic probe connected to a Broker IFS 28/N FT-NIR spectrometer. The challenging issues encountered in this study included: 1. The similarity of the formulation of the core and coating materials, 2. The lack of sufficient calibration samples and 3. The non-linear relationship between the NIR spectral intensity and coating: thickness. A peak at 7184 $cm^{-1}$ was identified that differed for the coating material and the core material when M spectra were collected at 2 $cm^{-1}$ resolution (0.4 nm at 7184 $cm^{-1}$). The study showed that the coating thickness can be analyzed by polynomial fitting of the peak area of the selected peak, while least squares calibration of the same data failed due to the lack of availability of sufficient calibration samples. Samples of coal powder and solid pieces of coal were analyzed by FT-NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy with the goal of predicting their ash content, percentage of volatile components, and energy content. The measurements were performed on a Broker Vector 22N spectrometer with a fiber optic probe. A partial least squares model was constructed for each of the parameters of interest for solid and powdered sample forms separately. Calibration models varied in size from 4 to 10 PLS ranks. Correlation coefficients for these models ranged from 86.6 to 95.0%, with root-mean-square errors of cross validation comparable to the corresponding reference measurement methods. The use of FT-NIR diffuse reflectance measurement techniques was found to be a significant improvement over existing measurement methodologies in terms of speed and ease of use, while maintaining the desired accuracy for all parameters and sample forms.(Figure Omitted).

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Permitted Daily Exposure for Diisopropyl Ether as a Residual Solvent in Pharmaceuticals

  • Romanelli, Luca;Evandri, Maria Grazia
    • Toxicological Research
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.111-125
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    • 2018
  • Solvents can be used in the manufacture of medicinal products provided their residual levels in the final product comply with the acceptable limits based on safety data. At worldwide level, these limits are set by the "Guideline Q3C (R6) on impurities: guideline for residual solvents" issued by the ICH. Diisopropyl ether (DIPE) is a widely used solvent but the possibility of using it in the pharmaceutical manufacture is uncertain because the ICH Q3C guideline includes it in the group of solvents for which "no adequate toxicological data on which to base a Permitted Daily Exposure (PDE) was found". We performed a risk assessment of DIPE based on available toxicological data, after carefully assessing their reliability using the Klimisch score approach. We found sufficiently reliable studies investigating subchronic, developmental, neurological toxicity and carcinogenicity in rats and genotoxicity in vitro. Recent studies also investigated a wide array of toxic effects of gasoline/DIPE mixtures as compared to gasoline alone, thus allowing identifying the effects of DIPE itself. These data allowed a comprehensive toxicological evaluation of DIPE. The main target organs of DIPE toxicity were liver and kidney. DIPE was not teratogen and had no genotoxic effects, either in vitro or in vivo. However, it appeared to increase the number of malignant tumors in rats. Therefore, DIPE could be considered as a non-genotoxic animal carcinogen and a PDE of 0.98 mg/day was calculated based on the lowest No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) value of $356mg/m^3$ (corresponding to 49 mg/kg/day) for maternal toxicity in developmental rat toxicity study. In a worst-case scenario, using an exceedingly high daily dose of 10 g/day, allowed DIPE concentration in pharmaceutical substances would be 98 ppm, which is in the range of concentration limits for ICH Q3C guideline class 2 solvents. This result might be considered for regulatory decisions.

Whole Genome Association Study to Detect Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms for Behavior in Sapsaree Dog (Canis familiaris)

  • Ha, J.H.;Alama, M.;Lee, D.H.;Kim, J.J.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.28 no.7
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    • pp.936-942
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    • 2015
  • The purpose of this study was to characterize genetic architecture of behavior patterns in Sapsaree dogs. The breed population (n=8,256) has been constructed since 1990 over 12 generations and managed at the Sapsaree Breeding Research Institute, Gyeongsan, Korea. Seven behavioral traits were investigated for 882 individuals. The traits were classified as a quantitative or a categorical group, and heritabilities ($h^2$) and variance components were estimated under the Animal model using ASREML 2.0 software program. In general, the $h^2$ estimates of the traits ranged between 0.00 and 0.16. Strong genetic ($r_G$) and phenotypic ($r_P$) correlations were observed between nerve stability, affability and adaptability, i.e. 0.9 to 0.94 and 0.46 to 0.68, respectively. To detect significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) for the behavioral traits, a total of 134 and 60 samples were genotyped using the Illumina 22K CanineSNP20 and 170K CanineHD bead chips, respectively. Two datasets comprising 60 (Sap60) and 183 (Sap183) samples were analyzed, respectively, of which the latter was based on the SNPs that were embedded on both the 22K and 170K chips. To perform genome-wide association analysis, each SNP was considered with the residuals of each phenotype that were adjusted for sex and year of birth as fixed effects. A least squares based single marker regression analysis was followed by a stepwise regression procedure for the significant SNPs (p<0.01), to determine a best set of SNPs for each trait. A total of 41 SNPs were detected with the Sap183 samples for the behavior traits. The significant SNPs need to be verified using other samples, so as to be utilized to improve behavior traits via marker-assisted selection in the Sapsaree population.

Comprehensive Bioinformation Analysis of the MRNA Profile of Fascin Knockdown in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  • Wu, Bing-Li;Luo, Lie-Wei;Li, Chun-Quan;Xie, Jian-Jun;Du, Ze-Peng;Wu, Jian-Yi;Zhang, Pi-Xian;Xu, Li-Yan;Li, En-Min
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.14 no.12
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    • pp.7221-7227
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    • 2013
  • Background: Fascin, an actin-bundling protein forming actin bundles including filopodia and stress fibers, is overexpressed in multiple human epithelial cancers including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Previously we conducted a microarray experiment to analyze fascin knockdown by RNAi in ESCC. Method: In this study, the differentially expressed genes from mRNA expression profilomg of fascin knockdown were analyzed by multiple bioinformatics methods for a comprehensive understanding of the role of fascin. Results: Gene Ontology enrichment found terms associated with cytoskeleton organization, including cell adhesion, actin filament binding and actin cytoskeleton, which might be related to fascin function. Except GO categories, the differentially expressed genes were annotated by 45 functional categories from the Functional Annotation Chart of DAVID. Subpathway analysis showed thirty-nine pathways were disturbed by the differentially expressed genes, providing more detailed information than traditional pathway enrichment analysis. Two subpathways derivated from regulation of the actin cytoskeleton were shown. Promoter analysis results indicated distinguishing sequence patterns and transcription factors in response to the co-expression of downregulated or upregulated differentially expressed genes. MNB1A, c-ETS, GATA2 and Prrx2 potentially regulate the transcription of the downregulated gene set, while Arnt-Ahr, ZNF42, Ubx and TCF11-MafG might co-regulate the upregulated genes. Conclusions: This multiple bioinformatic analysis helps provide a comprehensive understanding of the roles of fascin after its knockdown in ESCC.