• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.247-267
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• 1993

According to developing international economy since the World War II, the increase and competition of the national business is so empha-sized tht both the interest and the necessity about marine transportation playing the impor-thant role of international transportation are increased. Today, the container transportation, as called the innovation of marine transport has been prevailed since the 1970's. The purpose of this paper is to grasp the spatial structure of the hinterlands and forelands, its object is export container cargo at Pusan Export Port, as known for the transportation node of modern containerlization. In this study, for the purpose of grasping the relation between hinterlands and forelands of Korean export container cargo, first, I researched the transition of carloading about container cargo, the bistribution channel of cargo, the change of the items of container and the carlo-adings about transport route, secondly, I used the cluster analysis so as to group hinterlands according to the items of goods and forelands. The object of the analysis is container cargo of Choyang Line, Hanjin Shipping and Hyundai Merchant Marine of National Frag Carriers. The source materials used in this study are Trucking Data of Hanjin Co., Container Ren-tal Data of Samik Transport Co. and Transpor-ting Present Condition Tables of Hyundai Mer-chant Marine. 1. There are two kinds of the transport classi-fied by its form: FCL and LCL. In Pusan Con-tainer Export, a lot of textile goods, clothings and furniture, compound, electric goods, and so on are dealed with but the rate of occupation of the transport is getting lower while that of occupation of equipment, papers and agricultu-ral, mineral and livestock industry higher. 2. In 1990, the transports of container cargo in Korea consist of 7 services and round-the world lines. We can list North America lines, East-South Asian lines, Japan lines and Inter European lines, in order of the quantity of tran-sport form the largest to the smaller. We can have another list that Japan lines, North Ame-rica lines and East-South lines in order of the rate participation of national flag carriers, be-cacuse Korean foreign trade lay disproportionate emphasis on East-South Asian lines. Japan lines among them is the biggest import-export market. Since the rationlization policy of marine tran-sport in 1984, each of national flag carriers have its own lines. Hanjin Shipping predominates over North America lines, Choyang Line over New Zealand, Inter European and Austria lines and Hyundai Merchant Marine over Center-South America lines, in terms of the volume of transport. And small-to-medium sized shippers are prevailing in lines which are adjacent to Korea, Such as Japan lines and East-South Asian lines. 3. In relation to hinterlands and forelands of Choyang Line, the light industry goods, electric goods and machinary produced in Seoul and Pusan are exported to the major ports in Europe and Japan, the same produces in Suwon, Ulsan, Kumi are exported to European Ports, and those in Incheon and Kwangju Austrian and Japanese ports, and those in the rest regions to the major port in Japan. 4. In relation to hinterlands and forelands of Hanjin Shipping, the light industry goods pro-ducing in Seoul and Pusan, the electric goods and machinary in Incheon and Pyeongteck, are exported to New York and Los Angeles. Electric goods and machinary Masan, Anyang, Cheona, Cheongju and Incheon, Electric goods machinary and light industry goods in Kwangju and non mental goods in Pohang, are exported New York, Los Angeles and Oakland. 5. In relation to hinterlands and forelands of Hyundai Merchant Marine, the region of Seoul, Pusan and Incheon closely related with the main ports in U.S.A. The rest regions with Montreal. The hinterlands of export container cargo can be classified by its export items into three kinds: the large city, industrial city and the rest city. Choyang Line's forelands are European lines, Japan lines and Austria lines, and Hanjin Shipping's forelands are North America lines, and Hyundai Merchant Marine's forelands are North America lines and Japan line. 3 National flag carriers' major forelands are determined by the size of port and the shipper's convenient use of the port terminal.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 1992

The muscle extracts of the ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi cultured for two and three years old on the southern coast near Chungmu and the eastern coast near Pohang of Korea, were analyzed for extractive nitrogen (EN), free amino acids (FAA), combined amino acids (CAA), nucleotides and related compounds (NRC), quaternary ammonium bases and guanidino compounds using specimens collected in February 1989 and in April 1989, and compared for those contents with each other. As for the amount of EN, no remarkable difference was found between two- and three-year-old samples collected at St. 1 in the spring and winter seasons, while at St. 2 in the spring season the two-year-old sample was distinctly lower than the three-year-old one. Taurine, proline, glutamic acid, glycine and alanine were the major FAA in every sample. The amount of taurine, the most prominent FAA, was higher in three-year-old sample than in two-year-old one regardless of sampling station and season. Most of the other major FAA showed a similar tendency to EN at both sampling stations in both seasons. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP), inosine (Ino) and hypoxanthine (Hyp) were detected in all the samples and ATP, ADP and AMP were the major ingredients. The amounts of total NRC were in parallel with those of EN and total FAA. As for the contents of betaines, two- and three-year-old samples collected in the winter season exhibited a great discrepancy each other, the former being clearly lower than the latter, but no remarkable difference was observed between two samples of two groups in the spring season. In proximate composition of the muscles, the two-year-old sample was considerably higher in moisture content and lower in protein and glycogen contents than the three-year-old one at St. 2 in the spring season. The large discrepancies observed between two- and three-year-old samples from St. 2 seems to be attributable to the difference in size of samples rather than to the difference in age.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 2000

Objectives: Periodic limb movements in sleep(PLMS) is a moderately prevalent disorder, of which pathophysiology remains largely unknown. PLMS has been reported to be common in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS), but reports on their relationship have been inconsistent in previous studies. Inconsistency of results may be attributable to insufficient number of the study subjects. We attempted to explore the influence of OSAS on PLMS in a large number of subjects. Methods: Three hundred and twenty subjects(M : F=192:128) with PLMS, as identified by the nocturnal polysomnography, were studied. Sample mean age was 53.1(SD=15.1) years and their mean periodic limb movement index(PLMI) is 25.2/hr (SD=24.8). PLMS subjects were divided into two groups, based on the presence or absence of OSAS. Periodic limb movement indices and sleep parameters between two groups were analyzed to evaluate the effects of OSAS on PLMS. Results: Each of PLMI and PLMI with arousal(PLMAI) correlated positively with age. PLMI of men was larger than that of women (p<0.01). The presence of comorbid OSAS independently had influence on PLMI(t=-2.20, p<0.05), but not PLMAI. There were no significant differences between the two groups in their PLMI, PLMAI and sleep parameters. However, the two groups differed in PLMI-correlated sleep parameters. In PLMS subjects with comorbid OSAS, PLMI was negatively correlated with each of slow wave sleep time and REM sleep time. In subjects without comorbid OSAS, PLMI was negatively correlated with sleep efficiency. Conclusion: PLMS patients with OSAS turned out to have increased PLMI than those without OSAS We suggest that OSAS patients may have subtle autonomic arousals and these arousals could, in part, express themselves as PLM.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.6-10
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• 1980

The witches' broom disease of Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud with which mycoplasmalike organisms are associated is widespread throughout Korea and poses serious threat to the cultivation of paulownia. Attempt was made to investigate the feasibility of field control of the disease with oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC). A total of 84 paulownia trees (6 year-old, DBH: 10-15cm) exhibiting severe symptoms of witches' broom were selected and treated during March to September. Solution of 1-10g of OTC dissolved in 0.1­2.0 of water was transfused into infected trees with gravity flow method from a dark-brown colored plastic reservoir (11 volume) through plastic tubes (1.2m long) connected to 2-4 holes (5 mm in diameter and 4-5cm in depth) bored in the basal part of the tree trunks (Fig. 1 and 2). Of 60 diseased paulownia trees injected with 2g of OTC in 0.1-2.0l of water during May to September, 1979, 58 trees resulted in complete remission of symptom development and resumption of healthy new growth at least up to September, 1980 when the last observation of the effect of OTC treatment for this experiment was made. The rest of two trees were dead probably due to too severe infection. Of 24 paulownia trees treated in March and April, 1979 complete remission of symptom development was obtained with 8 trees, and nine trees were partially prevented from symptom development in the following season. The remaining 7 trees were dead due to failure in uptake of OTC and partly because the trees were in too far advanced stage of infection. Application of highly concentrated solution of 2g of OTC dissolved in 0.1-0.2l of water per tree was just as effective as the 2g/1-2l treatment. Injection of 2g/1-2l required 3-4 days while treatment of 2g/0.1-0.2l reduced the time for injecting one tree down to less than 24 hrs. The result of this experiment demonstrates that basal trunk injection of 2g OTC/0.1-0.2l/tree is feasible for field control of paulownia witches' broom, provided that tree injection is performed in actively growing season (May-September) and at the initial stage of disease development.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.117-148
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• 2005

As this study aimed to examine which influence the nonverbal communication of service provider has upon service performance in terms of service industry, the specific objectives are as follows. First, it tried to examine into the relationship between the nonverbal communication in the service provider, and the emotional attachment. Nonverbal communication is divided into 4 kinds such as physical language, proxemics, paralanguage, and physical appearance. Second, it aimed to examine the relationship between the customer's attachment to the service provider, and the social competence and trust in the service provider. Third, it tried to examine into the relationship of service provider's social competence and trust with the customer satisfaction and with the switching costs. Additionally, it examined the moderating effect in the service type and the service usage period in terms of the model that was presented in this study. Given examining the verified results in these research hypotheses, those are as follows. First, given seeing the relationship between the nonverbal communication and the emotional attachment, it was represented that the physical language, proxemics, and physical appearance, except paralanguage, have significantly positive(+) influence upon emotional attachment. Second, it was indicated that emotional attachment has significantly positive(+) influence upon the social competence and trust in the service provider. Third, the social competence in the service provider had no positive effect(+) on customer satisfaction, and was having significantly positive(+) influence upon the customer's perceived switching barrier. Fourth, it was represented that the customer satisfaction toward the service provider have significantly positive(+) influence upon the switching barrier. Finally, as a result of having verified whether or not the moderating effect in the service type and the service usage period, it was indicated to be produced the difference depending on the service type in the relationships between the physical language and the emotional attachment, between the paralanguage and the emotional attachment, between the emotional attachment and the trust, and between the trust and the switching barrier. Depending on the service usage period, the difference was represented, respectively, in the relationships between the physical language and the emotional attachment and between the physical appearance and the emotional attachment.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.285-289
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• 2006

Background : North Korea's economic and public health problems began in the early 1990s as a result of the gradual loss of economic support from its communist allies, combined with an inordinate number of natural disasters. The decline in public health has increased the incidence of tuberculosis in North Koreans and refugees. This study investigated tuberculosis situation in North Korean refugees in order to prepare for the future impact of tuberculosis control in Korea. Material and Methods : From 2001 to 2005, tuberculosis patients among North Korean refugees who were diagnosed before or after arriving in South Korea, based on the official records of OO hospital, were enrolled in this study. The demographic and clinical data of the cases were evaluated retrospectively. Results : A total of 42 TB cases were reviewed during the study period. Of these, 37 (88.1%) cases were pulmonary TB. based on the cases identified among the number of North Korean refugees' arriving each year, the annual incidence of pulmonary TB were 900 per 100,000 in 2004, 700 in 2003, The number of smear-positive patients was 20 (47.6%) and the number of culture-positive patients was 18 (42.9%). Of the M. tuberculosis isolates, 2 cases were found to be susceptible to all anti-TB drugs available, 4 were resistant to isoniazid, and 3 were multi-drug resistant. Conclusion : The prevalence of pulmonary TB in North Korean Refugees is high. In addition, North Korean refugees suffer from more severe tuberculosis in bacteriological and radiological aspects.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 1997

We studied optical behavior of scintillation light generated in NaI(TI) crystal using Monte Carlo simulation method. The simulation was performed for the model of NaI(TI) scintillator (size: 60 mm ${\times}$ 60 mm ${\times}$ 6 mm) using an optical tracking code. The sensitivity as a function of surface treatment (Ground, Polished, Metal-0.95RC, Polished-0.98RC, Painted- 0.98RC) of the incident surface of the scintillator was compared. The effects of NaI(TI) scintillator thickness and the refractive index of light guide optically coupling between the NaI(TI) scintillator and photomultiplier tube (PMT) were simulated. We also evaluated intrinsic position resolution of the system by calculating the spread of scintillation light generated. The sensitivities of the system having the surface treatment of Ground, Polished, Metal-0.95RC, Polished-0.98RC and Painted-0.98RC were 70.9％, 73.9％, 78.6％, 80.1％ and 85.2％, respectively, and the surface treatment of Painted-0.98RC allowed the highest sensitivity. As increasing the thickness of scintillation crystal and light guide, the sensitivity of the system was decreased. As the refractive index of light guide increases, the sensitivity was increased. The intrinsic position resolution of the system was estimated to be 1.2 mm in horizontal and vertical directions. In this study, the performance of NaI(TI)-PMT detector system was evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation. Based on the results, we concluded that the NaI(TI)-PMT detector array is a favorable configuration for small gamma camera imaging breast tumor using Tc-99m labeled radiopharmaceuticals.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2009

Purpose : The rate of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) in children is an indicator of the effectiveness of TB control programs in the community. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of DR-TB in children and evaluate TB management. Methods : Between January 1999 and July 2007, drug susceptibility tests for anti-TB drugs were employed for patients aged less than 19 years with culture-positive TB. Results : A total of 607 cases (16.6%) were resistant to at least one anti-TB drug as follows: isoniazid (INH; 13.8%), rifampin (8.9%), pyrazinamide (4.2%), streptomycin (3.7%), ethambutol (EMB; 5.9%), and para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS; 1.9%). Multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB was found in 276 cases (7.6%); extensive drug resistant (XDR) TB, in 5 cases (0.2%). The rate of resistance to at least one anti-TB drug in children aged >15 years (16.1%) was significantly lower than that in children aged <15 years (20.5%) (P=0.016). The rate of resistance to at least one anti-TB drug and multidrug-resistance in this survey decreased significantly (P<0.001) as compared to the previous survey (1987-1995). The rate of resistance to INH, EMB, and PAS also significantly decreased (P<0.05). Conclusion : The rate of DR-TB in children in Korea has decreased over time; however, it remains higher than that in other countries. MDR-TB and XDR-TB are the emerging problems in Korean children. Therefore, the selection of effective drugs through drug susceptibility tests and evaluating risk factors of resistant TB is essential to successful therapy and a decreased incidence of DR-TB.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.9
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• pp.950-955
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• 2008

Purpose : The objective of this study was to provide current estimates of the prevalence and examine trends of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. Methods : Height and weight measurements from 183,159 (112,974 in 1997, 70,185 in 2005) children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years were obtained via the 1997 and 2005 National Growth Survey. Obesity among children and adolescents was defined as being at or above the 95th percentile of the gender-specific body mass index (BMI) for age in the 2007 Korean National Growth Charts or a BMI of 25 or higher; overweight was defined as being at or above the 85th percentile to less than the 95th percentile BMI. Results : In 2005, 9.7% (11.3% for boys, 8.0% for girls) of South Korean children and adolescents were obese; 19.0% (19.7% for boys, 18.2% for girls) were overweight or obese. The overall prevalence of obesity increased from 5.8% in 1997 to 9.7% in 2005 (from 6.1% in 1997 to 11.3% in 2005 for boys and from 5.5% in 1997 to 8.0% in 2005 for girls); the increasing trend was most evident in boys, especially those aged 13-18 years. Conclusion : The prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents increased significantly during the eight-year period from 1997 to 2005. This study suggests that we need to make a priority of developing strategies to control obesity in children and adolescents; the potential health effects of increases in obesity are of considerable public health importance.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.298-304
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• 2010

Nutrient uptake by plants and drainage ratio in culture beds can affect ion balance and concentrations of nutrient solutions in electrical conductivity (EC)-based closed-loop soilless culture. This study was conducted to analyze ion concentration changes with time and drainage ratio under EC-based nutrient control in closed-loop soilless culture for sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annum L. 'Boogie'). At first experiment, ion concentrations of the nutrient solution were periodically analysed while collected drainage was being reused by mixing with fresh nutrient solution at a dilution rate of EC $2.2\;dSm^{-1}$. Changes in ion concentrations of $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $NO_3^-$, $SO_4^{2-}$, and $PO_4^{3-}$ were 1.13, 5.35, 0.92, 0.9, 1.10, $0.19\;meq{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively. Ion balance such as $K^+$ : $Ca^{2+}$ and $SO_4^{2-}$ : $NO_3^-$ were mainly affected during the recirculation of nutrient solution. At second experiment, ion concentrations and EC of drainage were compared before and after replenishment under different four drainage ratios of 7%, 16%, 39%, and 51%. Ion ratios of the recirculated nutrient solutions such as $K^+$ : $Ca^{2+}$ for cation and $SO_4^{2-}$ : $NO_3^-$ for anion were investigated. ECs of drainage decreased with increase of drainage ratio and each ion concentration showed the same trends as EC did. Ion balances in drainage with drainage ratio were a little different from each other, but each ratio could be corrected by replenishment process. The ion balance at 7% drainage ratio was closest to initial ratio and followed by 16%, 51%, and 39% in the order. Ion balance such as $K^+$ : $Ca^{2+}$ and $NO_3^-$ : $PO_4^{3-}$ were mainly affected the correction process.