• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.441-450
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and to predict of eutrophication in lakes by using VollenweiderGECD model and total phosphorus concentration and inflow rate which were measurded in 1993-1996. The results of study was as follows. The annual total phosphorus loading from the watershed was calculated to be 181-195tP /yr at lake Soyang, 591-680tP/yr at lake Chungju, 420-466tP/yr at lake Taechong, 229-278tP/yr at lake Andong, 103-106tP/yr at lake Hapchon, 57-59tP/yr at lake Imha, 194-244tP/yr at lake Namgang, 8386tP /yr at lake Chuam, 99-109tP /yr at lake Somjin. These are discharged, for the most parts, from population and ftshfarm facility. TP loading on the surface area at lake Soyang was 3.0lgP/$m^2$/yr, 2.82gP/$m^2$/yr, 2.84gP/$m^2$/yr, 3. 03gP/$m^2$/yr, at lake Chungju 7.91gP/$m^2$/yr, 6.87gP/$m^2$/yr, 7.38gP/$m^2$/yr, 7.l8gP/$m^2$/yr, at lake Taechong 6.7lgP/$m^2$/yr, 7.25gP/$m^2$/yr, 7.24gP/$m^2$/yr, 6.53gP/$m^2$/yr and TP loading on the surface area of Nakdong river basin, that is, lake Andong, Imha, Hapchon and Namgang were 5.39gP/$m^2$/yr, 4.47gP/$m^2$/yr, 4. 56gP/$m^2$/yr, 4.45gP/$m^2$/yr and 2.20gP/$m^2$/yr, 2.23gP/$m^2$/yr, 2.24gP/$m^2$/yr, 2.l7gP/$m^2$/yr and 4.50gP/$m^2$/ yr, 4.50gP/$m^2$/yr, 4.54gP/$m^2$/yr, 4.43gP/$m^2$/yr and 8.25gP/$m^2$/yr, 8.48gP/$m^2$/yr, 8.48gP/$m^2$/yr, 10. 39gP/$m^2$/yr respectively. Also those of lake Chuam was 2.51gP/$m^2$/yr, 2.61gP/$m^2$/yr, 2.52gP/$m^2$/yr, 2. 54gP/$m^2$/yr and TP loading on the surface area at lake Somjin was analysed 4.09gP/$m^2$/yr, 4.l0gP/$m^2$/yr, 3.98gP/$m^2$/yr,3.73gP/$m^2$/yr. The tropic states of nine lakes can be assessed as eutrophy because phosphorus loading exceeds the critical phosphorus loading by Vollenwelder-GECD model.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.597-609
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• 2008

In this paper, we will consider certain amalgamated free product structure in crossed product algebras. Let M be a von Neumann algebra acting on a Hilbert space Hand G, a group and let ${\alpha}$ : G${\rightarrow}$ AutM be an action of G on M, where AutM is the group of all automorphisms on M. Then the crossed product $\mathbb{M}=M{\times}{\alpha}$ G of M and G with respect to ${\alpha}$ is a von Neumann algebra acting on $H{\bigotimes}{\iota}^2(G)$, generated by M and $(u_g)_g{\in}G$, where $u_g$ is the unitary representation of g on ${\iota}^2(G)$. We show that $M{\times}{\alpha}(G_1\;*\;G_2)=(M\;{\times}{\alpha}\;G_1)\;*_M\;(M\;{\times}{\alpha}\;G_2)$. We compute moments and cumulants of operators in $\mathbb{M}$. By doing that, we can verify that there is a close relation between Group Freeness and Amalgamated Freeness under the crossed product. As an application, we can show that if $F_N$ is the free group with N-generators, then the crossed product algebra $L_M(F_n){\equiv}M\;{\times}{\alpha}\;F_n$ satisfies that $$L_M(F_n)=L_M(F_{{\kappa}1})\;*_M\;L_M(F_{{\kappa}2})$$, whenerver $n={\kappa}_1+{\kappa}_2\;for\;n,\;{\kappa}_1,\;{\kappa}_2{\in}\mathbb{N}$.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.54-66
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• 2002

In order to study systematic survey of Kumho river pollution, water analysis for 24 items was conducted at 16 sites surrounding the Kumho river system for 3 times from May 2000 to February 2001. Analytical items for the study of water quality are as follows; water temperature, pH, BOD, COD, DO, SS, electrical conductivity, oil & grease, ABS, phenol, T-P, ${PO_4}^{3-}-P$, T-N, $NH_3-N$, ${NO_2}^--N$, ${NO_3}^--N$, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Mn, Fe, Pb and As. The mean values obtained for water temperature, pH, BOD, COD, DO, SS, electrical conductivity, oil & grease, ABS, phenol T-P, T-N, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn showed $17.84^{\circ}C$, 8.04, $2.54{\mu}g/mL$, $5.64{\mu}g/mL$, $7.07{\mu}g/mL$, $8.75{\mu}g/mL$, $600.4{\mu}S/cm$, $0.19{\mu}g/mL$, $0.015{\mu}g/mL$, $0.29{\mu}g/mL$, $0.21{\mu}g/mL$, $5.22{\mu}g/mL$, $0.005{\mu}g/mL$, $0.007{\mu}g/mL$, $0.044{\mu}g/mL$ and $0.001{\mu}g/mL$ respectively. As, Cd, Cr and Pb are not detected. The mean concentration of phenol, $NH_3-N$ and $NO_2-N$ were found to be increased compared to the prior study for 3 years from January 1997 to December 1999, that of BOD, COD, SS, oil & grease and ABS were found to be decreased and the others are nearly constant. The effect of Kumho river to the Nakdong river pollution are as follows. The mean concentration of BOD changed from $1.07{\mu}g/mL$ to $1.42{\mu}g/mL$ before and after of introducing of Kumho river water respectively. The mean concentration of COD, electrical conductivity, oil & grease, ABS, phenol, T-N and T-P changed from $1.99{\mu}g/mL$, $221{\mu}S/cm$, $0.15{\mu}g/mL$, $0.006{\mu}g/mL$, $0.06{\mu}g/mL$, $2.21{\mu}g/mL$ and $0.08{\mu}g/mL$ to $2.44{\mu}g/mL$, $392{\mu}S/cm$, $0.16{\mu}g/mL$, $0.015{\mu}g/mL$, $0.07{\mu}g/mL$, $2.81{\mu}g/mL$ and $0.19{\mu}g/mL$ respectively.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.665-679
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• 2002

The fault diameter of a graph G is the maximum of lengths of the shortest paths between all two vertices when there are $\chi$(G) - 1 or less faulty vertices, where $\chi$(G) is connectivity of G. In this paper, we analyze the fault diameter of recursive circulant $G(2^m,2^k)$ with $k{\geq}3$. Let $ dia_{m.k}$ denote the diameter of $G(2^m,2^k)$. We show that if $2{\leq}m,2{\leq}k, the fault diameter of $G(2{\leq}m,2{\leq}k)$ is equal to $2^m-2$, and if m=k+1, it is equal to $2^k-1$. It is also shown that for m>k+1, the fault diameter is equal to di a_$m{\neq}1$(mod 2k); otherwise, it is less than or equal to$dia_{m.k+2}$.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.619-626
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• 2006

Let m be any positive integer, R be a ring with identity, $M_m(R)$ be the matrix ring of all m by m matrices eve. R and $G_m(R)$ be the multiplicative group of all n by n nonsingular matrices in $M_m(R)$. In this pape., the following are investigated: (1) for any pairwise coprime ideals ${I_1,\;I_2,\;...,\;I_n}$ in a ring R, $M_m(R/(I_1{\cap}I_2{\cap}...{\cap}I_n))$ is isomorphic to $M_m(R/I_1){\times}M_m(R/I_2){\times}...{\times}M_m(R/I_n);$ and $G_m(R/I_1){\cap}I_2{\cap}...{\cap}I_n))$ is isomorphic to $G_m(R/I_1){\times}G_m(R/I_2){\times}...{\times}G_m(R/I_n);$ (2) In particular, if R is a finite ring with identity, then the order of $G_m(R)$ can be computed.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1487-1495
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated collagen production and hyaluronic acid production effects for wrinkle improvement test on 50 kinds of land plants and 10 kinds of marine plants native to Jeju Island as a part of developing customized cosmetic materials. Collagen and hyaluronic acid are recognized as major factors affecting skin aging. Cerastium holosteoides var. hallaisanense Mizushima extract ($100{\mu}g/mL$) produced more than 190% of collagen in the extracts of 50 kinds of land plants. Vicia angustifolia var. segetilis K. Koch. extract ($100{\mu}g/mL$) produced more than 160% of collagen. Ftsia japonica Decne. et Planch. extract ($100{\mu}g/mL$), Euonymus japonica Thunb. extract ($100{\mu}g/mL$), Suaeda malacosperma H.Hara extract ($100{\mu}g/mL$), Elaeagnus umbelellata Thunb. extract ($100{\mu}g/mL$), Sedum oryzifolium Makino extract ($100{\mu}g/mL$), Vicia unijuga A. Br. extract ($100{\mu}g/mL$), and Brassica juncea var. integrifolia Sinsk. extract ($100{\mu}g/mL$) showed more than 140% collagen production effect. Among the 10 species of marine plants, Sargassum macrocarpum C. Agardh extract ($50{\mu}g/mL$) produced more than 190% of collagen, and Carpopeltis angusta (Harvey) Okamura extract ($100{\mu}g/mL$), Codiumcoactum Okamura extract ($100{\mu}g/mL$), and Codium tenuifolium S. Shimada, T. Tadano & J. Tanaka extract ($100{\mu}g/mL$) showed more than 140% collagen production. Suaeda malacosperma H.Hara extract ($100{\mu}g/mL$) showed the effect of producing hyaluronic acid more than 140%, and Ftsia japonica Decne. et Planch. extract ($20{\mu}g/mL$) and Wistaria floribunda A.P. DC extract ($100{\mu}g/mL$) showed more than 130% hyalunonic acid production effect. Among the 10 species of marine plants, Peyssonnelia capensis Montagne extract ($100{\mu}g/mL$) was the most effective. Carpopeltis angusta (Harvey) Okamura extract ($100{\mu}g/mL$), Codiumcoactum Okamura extract ($100{\mu}g/mL$), and Codium tenuifolium S. Shimada, T. Tadano & J. Tanaka extract ($100{\mu}g/mL$) showed more than 120% hyalunonic acid production. Jeju resources, which have good collagen and hyaluronic acid production, showed the potential to be applied to solve the skin troubles of customized cosmetics in the future.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.115-122
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• 2006

This study investigated the spatial distribution of dust originating from tunnel-ventilated windowless broiler building measuring 12 m wide, 61 m long, with a side wall height of 3 m and a capacity of 16,982 birds. Dust concentrations in terms of total suspended particles (TSP), and particulate matter of sizes $10\;{\mu}m$(PM10), $2.5\;{\mu}m$(PM2.5), and $1\;{\mu}m(PM1)$ were measured at 30 minutes interval by using GRIMM Aerosol Monitor (GRIMM AEROSOL). The spatial distribution of dust showed the lower dust concentration in the inlet than in the outlet of the tunnel ventilation, and dust concentration decreasing as the dust size decreased, as follows: $317.9\;{\mu}g/m^3$ TSP; $74.7{\mu}m/m^3$ PM10; $9.7\;{\mu}g/m^3$ PM2.5; and $6.2\;{\mu}g/m^3$ PM1 in the inlet; and $2,678.5\;{\mu}g/m^3$ TSP; $555.5\;{\mu}g/m^3$ PM10; $33.3\;{\mu}g/m^3$ PM2.5; and $10.2\;{\mu}g/m^3$ PM1 in the outlet. The dust concentration emitted from the tunnel ventilated fan was $446.6\;{\mu}g/m^3$ TSP; $129.1\;{\mu}g/m^3$ PM10; $15.8\;{\mu}g/m^3$ PM2.5; and $6.1\;{\mu}g/m^3$ PM1 in the 3 meters from the fan and $25.1\;{\mu}g/m^3$ TSP; $8.8\;{\mu}g/m^3$ PM10; $5.6\;{\mu}g/m^3$ PM2.5; and $4.9\;{\mu}g/m^3$ PM1 in the 50 meters from the fan.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.820-823
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• 2006

Five oligosaccharides were isolated from the hydrolysate of konjac (Amorphophallus konjac) glucomannan by a purified ${\beta}$-mannanase from Trichoderma sp. These oligosaccharides were identified as M-M, G-M, M-G-M, M-G-M-M, and M-G-G-M; where G- and M- represent ${\beta}$-1,4-D-glucopyranosidic and ${\beta}$-1,4-D-mannopyranosidic linkages, respectively. The mode of action of the mannanase on the glucomannan is discussed on the basis of the structure of the above oligosaccharides.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.237-243
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• 1992

Let (M, g, J) be a closed Kahler manifold of complex dimension m > 1. We denote by Spec(M,g) the spectrum of the real Laplace-Beltrami operator. DELTA. acting on functions on M. The following characterization problem on the spectral rigidity of the complex projective space (CP$^{m}$ , g$_{0}$ , J$_{0}$ ) with the standard complex structure J$_{0}$ and the Fubini-Study metric g$_{0}$ has been attacked by many mathematicians : if (M,g,J) and (CP$^{m}$ ,g$_{0}$ ,J$_{0}$ ) are isospectral then is it true that (M,g,J) is holomorphically isometric to (CP$^{m}$ ,g$_{0}$ ,J$_{0}$ )\ulcorner In [BGM], [LB], it is proved that if (M,J) is (CP$^{m}$ , J$_{0}$ ) then the answer to the problem is affirmative. Tanno ([Ta]) has proved that the answer is affirmative if m .leq. 6. Recently, Wu([Wu]) has showed in a more general sense that if (M, g) and (CP$^{m}$ ,g$_{0}$ ) are (-4/m)-isospectral, m .geq. 4, and if the second betti number b$_{2}$(M) is equal to b$_{2}$(CP$^{m}$ ).

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.155-167
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• 2005

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of Cobrotoxin on binding affinity of cobrotoxin with P50, $IKK{\alpa}$ and $IKK{\beta}$, activities of NF-${\kappa}B$, Cell viability of astrocyte, expressions of protein molecules of NF-${\kappa}B$ such as P50, P-$1{kappa}B$, $1{\kappa}B$ and iflammation related genes such as Cox-2, iNOS, cPLA2 in the SNP or LPS induced Inflammatory pathway of Rats' astrocytes. Methods : In this study, The expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2, Nitric oxcide, Cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitrogen oxide synthase was determined by western blotting with corresponding antibodies, and the generation of NF-${\kappa}B$ was assayed by EMSA method in astrocytes of rats. The Cell viability of astrocytes was determined by MTT assay, and Binding affinity of Cobrotoxin with P50, $IKK{\alpha}$ and $IKK{\beta}$ was assayed by Surface plasmon resonance analysis, and NF-${\kappa}B$ dependent luciferase activity was determined by luciferase analysis, and Uptake of cobrotoxin in astrocytes was identified by Confocal laser scanning microscope Results : 1. Compared with control, LPS-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ DNA binding activity was decreased significantly by 0.1, $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin in Astrocyte. 2. Compared with control, LPS-induced NF-kB dependent luciferase expression was decreased significantly by 0.1, 0.5 and $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin in Astrocyte. 3. Compared with control, SNP induced P50, $I{\kappa}B$ expressions in astrocyte were decreased significantly by 0.1, 0.5 and $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin and P-$1{\kappa}B$ expression was decreased significantly by 0.5 and $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin. 4. Compared with control, LPS induced P50, $1{\kappa}B$ expressions in astrocyte were decreased significantly by 0.5 and $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin. 5. Compared with control, SNP induced Cox-2, iNOS, CPLA2 expressions in astrocyte were decreased significantly by $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin. 6. Compared with control, LPS induced Cox-2, cPLA2 expressions in astrocyte were decreased significantly by 0.1, 0.5, $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin and iNOS expression was decreased significantly by 0.5, $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin. 7. Compared with $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin, SNP-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ DNA bindins activity in astrocyte was increased significantly by Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with DTT 1mM and Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with DTT 5mM. 8. Compared with $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin, LPS-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ DNA binding activity in astrocyte was increased significantly by Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with DTT 1mM, Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with DTT 5mM, Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$with GSH 1mM and Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with GSH 5mM 9. Compared with $0.1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of cobrotoxin, SNP induced P50 expressions in astrocyte were increased significantly by Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with DTT 1mM, Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with DTT 5mM Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with GSH 1mM and Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with GSH 5mM. 10. The uptake of the labeled cobrotoxin into the cells was shown under a confocal laser scanning microscope. cobrotoxin was uptaken into the membrane and nucleus of astrocytes. Conclusions : In summary, the present results demonstrate that cobrotoxin directly binds to sulfhydryl group of p50 and IKKS resulting In the reduction of translocation of p50 and IkB release, thereby inhibits activation of NF-${\kappa}B$, and suggest that pico to nanomolar range of cobrotoxin could inhibit the expression of genes in the NF-${\kappa}B$ signal pathway.