• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 2019

In Korea kiwifruit growing area is limited to southern coastal region and Jeju island, partly due to the lack of information on their cold hardiness in winter. This study was carried out to investigate cold hardiness of Korean kiwifruit cultivars in a period of dormancy for using it as preliminary data to expand the cultivation area of kiwifruit in Korea. A total of five kiwifruit cultivars in two species and hybrid, Actinidia deliciosa ('Hayward' and 'Garmrok'), A. chinensis ('Goldone') and A. arguta hybrid ('Bangwoori' and 'Skinny Green') were subjected to five freezing treatments of -12℃, -15℃, -18℃, -21℃ and -24℃. Cell membrane damage in all cultivars initiated in -18℃/32h and cell membrane stability was lost in -24℃ in most cultivars, except for 'Skinny Green'. Cold hardiness was estimated by 50% lethal temperature (LT₅₀) which was determined by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction. In branches, LT₅₀ was -15℃ in 'Hayward' and 'Garmrok', -18℃ in 'Bangwoori' and -21℃ in 'Goldone.' The LT₅₀ of buds on 'Hayward' and 'Garmrok' was 56 and 42 hours in -15℃ and 4 and 11 hours in -18℃, respectively; however, LT₅₀ of buds on 'Goldone' was 51 hours in -18℃ and that on 'Bangwoori' was 3 hours in -24℃. Cold hardiness results imply that it may be difficult for cultivars in A. deliciosa such as 'Hayward' and 'Garmrok' to be grown in the north of southern coastal region in Korea; however, it can be possible for several cultivars in A. chinensis and A. arguta hybrid to be grown in the northern part of Korean kiwifruit belt if cold tolerance in the thaw is confirmed.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.471-478
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• 1997

Introduction: The use of rabbits as a cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB) animal model is extremely dif%cult mainly due to technical problems. On the other hand, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest(CA) is used to facilitate surgical repair in a variety of cardiac diseases. Although steroids are generally known to be effective in the treatment of cerebral edema, the protective effects of steroids on the brain during CA are not conclusively established. Objectives of this study are twofold: the establishment of CPB technique in rabbits and the evaluation of preventive effect of steroid on the development of brain edema during CA. Material '||'&'||' Methods: Fifteen New Zealan white rabbits(average body weight 3.5kg) were divided into three experimental groups; control CA group(n=5), CA with Trendelenberg position group(n=5), and CA with Trendelenberg position + steroid(methylprednisolone 30 mglkg) administration group(n=5). After anesthetic induction and tracheostomy, a median sternotomy was performed. An aortic cannula(3.3mm) and a venous ncannula(14 Fr) were inserted, respectively in the ascending aorta and the right atrium. The CPB circuit consisted of a roller pump and a bubble oxygenator. Priming volume of the circuit was approximately 450m1 with 120" 150ml of blood. CPB was initiated at a flow rate of 80~85ml/kg/min, Ten min after the start of CPB, CA was established with duration of 40min at $20^{\circ}C$ of rectal temperature. After CA, CPB was restarted with 20min period of rewarming. Ten min after weaning, the animal was sacrif;cod. One-to-2g portions of the following tissues were rapidly d:ssected and water contents were examined and compared among gr ups: brain, cervical spinal cord, kidney, duodenum, lung, heart, liver, spleen, pancreas. stomach. Statistical significances were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test. Results: CPB with CA was successfully performed in all cases. Flow rate of 60-100 mlfkgfmin was able to be maintained throughout CPB. During CPB, no significant metabolic acidosis was detected and aortic pressure ranged between 35-55 mmHg. After weaning from CPB, all hearts resumed normal beating spontaneously. There were no statistically significant differences in the water contents of tissues including brain among the three experimental groups. Conclusion: These results indicate (1) CPB can be reliably administered in rabbits if proper technique is used, (2) the effect of steroid on the protection of brain edema related to Trendelenburg position during CA is not established within the scope of this experiment.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 1993

The main experiment related to this report was undertaken to assess the effects of two rates of $Ca(OH)_2$ (0, 250 kg/10a only at establishment) and five rates of N-$P_{2}O_{5}$-$K_2O$ (0-0-0, 0-10-10, 6-15-15, 12-20-20, 24-25-20 kg/10a/year) on the pasture establishment, on forage yield and quality, vegetation etc. After this 10-year main experiment, this pasture had been used to assess the effects of the above treatments on the soil characteristics in oversown hilly pasture of a grass-clover sward. This 1st part is concerned with the soil properties of pH-value. OM, T-N, avail. $P_{2}O_{5}$ and $P_{2}O_{5}$ absorption coefficient, and lime requirement by the soil depth. 1. The pH of the topsoil(0~l5 cm) was lowered from pH 5.12 of before the experiment to 4.90 of when $Ca(OH)_2$ was applied and to 4.68 of when $Ca(OH)_2$ was not applied. The pH decrease was more evident with the increase of NPK application rate and in the upper part of the top soil(0.0~7.5 cm). The additional application of lime was necessary in all the experiment blocks due to the strong acidity of the soil, and the amounts of lime requirement were increased with increased application rates of NPK and soil depth. 2. The contents of organic matter and T-N were increased in all the blocks by the establishment of the hilly pasture, and were higher in $Ca(OH)_2$ applied blocks than non-applied blocks. The contents were inversely correlated with the soil depth. No correlation was observed between the contents and the application rates of NPK. 3. The content of available $P_{2}O_{5}$-$K_2O$, was increased with the increased application of P, especially in the upper part of top soil. The content in the upper part(0.0~7.5 cm) was about twice of that in the lower part(7.5~15.0 cm). Since the contents of available $P_{2}O_{5}$$P_{2}O_{5}$/10a/year were applied, respectively), it is necessary to decrease the application rate of $P_{2}O_{5}$, gradually. The $P_{2}O_{5}$ absorption coefficient in topsoil (0.0~15.0 cm) was more or less higher when no lime and less $P_{2}O_{5}$, was applied. No correlation was observed in subsoil. 4. Further studies on the methods, rates, time of additional application of lime, and on the methods of decreased apllication of $P_{2}O_{5}$ should be performed for better management of oversown hilly pasture.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.39-63
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• 2012

Previous studies of reward programs have generally focused on designing the best programs for consumers and suggested that consumers' perception of the value of reward programs can vary according to the type of reward program (e.g., hedonic vs. utilitarian and direct vs. indirect) and its timing (e.g., immediate vs. delayed). These studies have typically assumed that consumers' preference for reward programs has a positive effect on brand loyalty. However, Dowling and Uncles (1997) pointed out that this preference does not necessarily foster brand loyalty. In this regard, the present study verifies this assumption by examining the effects of consumers' perception of the value of reward programs on their brand loyalty. Although reward programs are widely used by online shopping malls, most studies have examined the conditions under which consumers are most likely to value loyalty programs in the context of offline shopping. In the context of online shopping, however, consumers' preferences may have little effect on their brand loyalty because they have more opportunities for comparing diverse reward programs offered by many online shopping malls. That is, in online shopping, finding attractive reward programs may require little effort on the part of consumers, who are likely to switch to other online shopping malls. Accordingly, this study empirically examines whether consumers' perception of the value of reward programs influences their brand loyalty in the context of online shopping. Meanwhile, consumers seek utilitarian and/or hedonic value from their online shopping activity(Jones et al., 2006; Barbin et al., 1994). They visit online shopping malls to buy something necessary (utilitarian value) and/or enjoy the process of shopping itself (hedonic value). In this sense, reward programs may reinforce utilitarian as well as hedonic value, and their effect may vary according to the type of reward (utilitarian vs. hedonic). According to Chaudhuri and Holbrook (2001), consumers' perception of the value of a brand can influence their brand loyalty through brand trust and affect. Utilitarian value influences brand loyalty through brand trust, whereas hedonic value influences it through brand affect. This indicates that the effect of this perception on brand trust or affect may be moderated by the type of reward program. Specifically, this perception may have a greater effect on brand trust for utilitarian reward programs than for hedonic ones, whereas the opposite may be true for brand affect. Given the above discussion, the present study is conducted with three objectives in order to provide practical implications for online shopping malls to strategically use reward program for establishing profitable relationship with customers. First, the present study examines whether reward programs can be an effective marketing tool for increasing brand loyalty in the context of online shopping. Second, it investigates the paths through which consumers' perception of the value of reward programs influences their brand loyalty. Third, it analyzes the effects of this perception on brand trust and affect by considering the type of reward program as a moderator. This study suggests and empirically analyzes a new research model for examining how consumers' perception of the value of reward programs influences their brand loyalty in the context of online shopping. The model postulates the following 10 hypotheses about the structural relationships between five constructs: (H1) Consumers' perception of the value of reward programs has a positive effect on their program loyalty; (H2) Program loyalty has a positive effect on brand loyalty; (H3) Consumers' perception of the value of reward programs has a positive effect on their brand trust; (H4) Consumers' perception of the value of reward programs has a positive effect on their brand affect; (H5) Brand trust has a positive effect on program loyalty; (H6) Brand affect has a positive effect on program loyalty; (H7) Brand trust has a positive effect on brand loyalty; (H8) Brand affect has a positive effect on brand loyalty; (H9) Consumers' perception of the value of reward programs is more likely to influence their brand trust for utilitarian reward programs than for hedonic ones; and (H10) Consumers' perception of the value of reward programs is more likely to influence their brand affect for hedonic reward programs than for utilitarian ones. To test the hypotheses, we considered a sample of 220 undergraduate students in Korea (male:113). We randomly assigned these participants to one of two groups based on the type of reward program (utilitarian: transportation card, hedonic: movie ticket). We instructed the participants to imagine that they were offered these reward programs while visiting an online shopping mall. We then asked them to answer some questions about their perception of the value of the reward programs, program loyalty, brand loyalty, brand trust, and brand affect, in that order. We also asked some questions about their demographic backgrounds and then debriefed them. We employed the structural equation modeling (SEM) method with AMOS 18.0. The results provide support for some hypotheses (H1, H3, H4, H7, H8, and H9) while providing no support for others (H2, H5, H6, H10) (see Figure 1). Noteworthy is that the path proposed by previous studies, "value perception → program loyalty → brand loyalty," was not significant in the context of online shopping, whereas this study's proposed path, "value perception → brand trust/brand affect → brand loyalty," was significant. In addition, the results indicate that the type of reward program moderated the relationship between consumers' value perception and brand trust but not the relationship between their value perception and brand affect. These results have some important implications. First, this study is one of the first to examine how consumers' perception of the value of reward programs influences their brand loyalty in the context of online shopping. In particular, the results indicate that the proposed path, "value perception → brand trust/brand affect → brand loyalty," can better explain the effects of reward programs on brand loyalty than existing paths. Furthermore, these results suggest that online shopping malls should place greater emphasis on the type of reward program when devising reward programs. To foster brand loyalty, they should reinforce the type of shopping value that consumers emphasize by providing them with appropriate reward programs. If consumers prefer utilitarian value to hedonic value, then online shopping malls should offer utilitarian reward programs and vice versa.

• Proceedings of the Mineralogical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.141-142
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• 2001

남서부 경기육괴의 편마암류로부터 분리된 저어콘(zircon) 입자를 대상으로, 이온현미분석기(ion microprobe)를 사용한 U-Pb 연대를 구하였다. 그 결과는 후기 원생대(약 820 Ma) 뿐만 아니라 오르도비스기에 상당한 화성활동이 한반도에 있었음을 지시한다. 우리 나라 후기 원생대의 화성-변성 활동에 대해 알려져 있는 바는 극히 제한적이어서 후속연구가 필수적이며, 이러한 연구는 한반도의 지체구조적 변천사를 로디니아 초대륙(Rodinia supercontinent)의 생성-분리와 관련해 재조명할 수 있는 기회를 제공할 것이다. 또한 오르도비스기의 화성작용은 그동안 논란이 되어 왔던 소위 “칼레도니아(Caledonian)” 변동 (cf. 조문섭, 2000)에 대한 또 다른 증거를 제공해준다. 저어콘의 연대측정은 서호주의 커튼공업대학교에 설치되어 있는 SHRIMP-II(Sensitive High-Resolution Ion Microprobe-II; 고감도-고분해능 이온현미분석기)를 사용하였으며, 시료 준비 및 분석방법은 기존에 보고된 바와 같다 (e.g., Kinny et al., 1999). 분석된 3개의 암석 시료(1006-5, 8, 9)는 경기육괴의 남서부에 위치한 홍성 지역의 정편마암들이다. 1006-8 시료는 Turek and Kim (1996)이 전통적인 방법을 사용해 687$\pm$5 Ma의 U-Pb 저어콘 연대를 보고한 바 있는 화강암질 편마암 (시료번호, KJ43)에 해당된다. 두 개의 다른 시료는 1006-8 주변에서 산출하는 전형적인 경기육괴의 편마암류로서 화강암질 정편마암이다. 이들 시료로부터 분리된 저어콘 입자들은 대부분 화성기원의 누대구조와 자형의 결정형태를 보여준다. 과성장띠(overgrouth rims)는 1006-5 시료에서 흔하게, 그리고 1006-9 시료에서 매우 드물게 관찰된다. 음극선발광(cathodoluminescence) 영상의 해석을 통해 저어콘 결정의 성장사를 유추하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 이온현미분석 점(spot)을 정하였다. U-Pb-Th 자료는 퍼스(Perth) 저어콘 스탠다드 (CZ3, 564 Ma, $^{206}$Pb/$^{238}$U=0.0914)를 사용하였다. 아래에 기술하는 연대는 모두 $^{206}$Pb/$^{238}$U 연대에 해당된다. 두 개의 화강암질 편마암 시료로부터 구한 U-Pb 저어콘 연대는 각각 812 $\pm$ 14 Ma(1006-8)와 822 $\pm$ 17 Ma(1006-9)로 분석오차 내에서 서로 일치한다. 이 결과는 춘천 및 전곡 지역의 석류석 각섬암에서 보고된 Sm-Nd 전암연대(852 $\pm$ 24 Ma 및 824 $\pm$ 143 Ma; Lee and Cho, 1995; Ree et al., 1996)와 잘 부합한다. 따라서 후기 원생대 기간 중 화성활동이 한반도에서 광범위하게 일어났음을 시사한다. 한편, 1006-9 시료에서는 예외적으로 한 개의 저어콘 입자 주변부(rim)에서 매우 얇은 과성장띠가 관찰되었으며, 두 개의 점 분석으로부터 구한 U-Pb 저어콘 연대는 약 235 Ma이다. 이 띠는 또한 변성기원의 저어콘에서 흔히 관찰되는 작은 W (<0.05) 비를 보인다. 1006-5 시료는 위 두 시료로부터 수 km 떨어진 지점에서 채집하였으나, 저어콘 연대는 상이한 기록을 보여준다. 즉 매우 작은 Th/U (<0.01) 값을 갖는 저어콘의 주변부에서 223 $\pm$ 5 Ma의 연대가 잘 정의되며, 이는 1006-9 시료에서 관찰된 결과와 함께 트라이아스기의 고온변성작용이 백립암상에 가까운, 매우 높은 온도에 달하였음을 지시한다. 한편 저어콘의 중심부는 335-473 Ma의 비교적 넓은 연대 분포를 보인다. 이는 저어콘이 실제 성장한 연대를 지시하기보다는 트라이아스기의 변성작용에 따른 납손실(Pb loss) 그리고 누대 규모보다 더 큰 빔 크기(beam size, 약 30 $\mu\textrm{m}$)의 영향일 것으로 해석된다. 또한 저어콘이 다양한 외래물질로부터 기원했다는 증거가 관찰되지 않으므로, 이 정편마암의 모암은 오르도비스기(약 430-470 Ma)에 관입하였을 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 그동안 논란이 되어 왔던 소위 “칼레도니아” 변동이 한반도 내에 실존하였을 가능성을 시사한다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 경기육괴의 변성암류는 후기 원생대 이후 다양한 저어콘의 성장사를 기록하고 있음을 알 수 있다: 즉 (1) 후기원생대(약 820 Ma)의 화성작용; (2) 오르도비스기(약 450 Ma)의 화성작용: 그리고 (3) 트라이아스기 (약 223 Ma)의 부분용융을 수반한 고온 변성작용으로 대표된다. 이러한 지질연대는, 옥천변성대에서 얻어진 756 Ma의 저어콘 연대(Lee et al., 1998)와 더불어, 친링-다비-수루(Qinling-Dabie-Sulu) 대륙 충돌대와 양쯔 지괴에서 보고된 지질연대 결과와 잘 부합한다. 따라서 지구연대학적으로 경기육괴가 북중국보다는 대륙충돌대를 포함하는 남중국지괴에 속할 것으로 결론지을 수 있다.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.296-305
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• 2018

Spiroxamine, one of fungicides, is used to control powdery mildew in various crops and black yellow sigatoka in bananas. The major strength of spiroxamine is to control powdery mildew in various crops and bananas yellow sigatoka in bananas. The compound has shown a high level of activity, good persistence and crop tolerance. Besides powdery mildew, good control of rust, net blotch and Rhynchosporium diseases been indicated in cereals, together with a complementary activity against Septoria diseases. In 2017, the maximum residue limit (MRL) of spiroxamine established in Korea. According to Ministry of ood and rug afety) regulations, spiroxamine residues defined only parent compound. Thus, a analytical method is needed to estimate the residue level of the parent compound. The objective of this study was to develop and validate analytical method for spiroxamine in representative agricultural commodities. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile and partitioned with dichloromethane to remove the interfering substances. The analyte were quantified and confirmed liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) in positive-ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Matrix matched calibration curves were linear over the calibration ranges ($0.0005{\sim}0.1{\mu}g/mL$) for the analyte in blank extract with coefficient of determination ($r^2$) > 0.99. For validation purposes, recovery studies will be carried out at three different concentration levels (LOQ, 10LOQ, and 50LOQ) performing five replicates at each level. The recoveries 70.6~104.6% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 10%. All values were consistent with the criteria ranges in the Codex guidelines (CAC/GL40, 2003) and MFDS guidelines. proposed analytical method be used as an official analytical method in the Republic of Korea.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.227-232
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• 2011

The processing techniques are need to use the non-marketable paprika fruit because paprika that is difficult crop for cultivation and produced easily non-marketable fruits, such as physiological disorder fruit, malformed fruit, and small size fruit. This study was carried out to investigate the proper active modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) condition for enhancing the storability of fresh-cut paprika fruit. The fresh-cut paprika (cv 'Score', seminis) put into $7cm{\times}0.7cm$ size and packed them in 20 g bags. The active MAP and vacuum treated paprika fruits were packaged with LLDPE/Nylon, EVOH, Tie film, and injected partial pressures of $CO_2$ and $O_2$, and $N_2$ in the packages immediately after sealing to treat active MAP. The ratio of $CO_2$, $O_2$, and $N_2$ of active MAP conditions were 0 : 20 : 80 (air), 5 : 5 : 90, 30 : 10 : 60, 10 : 70 : 20 and vacuum treatment did not contain any gas. The passive packaging treated paprika packaged with $40{\mu}m$ ceramic film. After 7 days of storage at $9^{\circ}C$, the fresh weight decreased less than 2% in all treatments, and showed lower in 5 : 5 : 90 ($CO_2:O_2:N_2$) active-MAP treatment and higher in vacuum treatment than other treatments. The $CO_2$ and $O_2$ concentration in packages did not change remarkably in active-MA treatments except 30 : 10 : 60 active-MAP treatment that showed sharply decreased $O_2$, concentration and increased $CO_2$ concentration at $1^{st}$ day of storage at $9^{\circ}C$. The ethylene concentration in package was the highest in 30 : 10 : 60 active-MAP treatment and the lowest in the passive MAP treatment that packaged with gas permeable film during $9^{\circ}C$ storage for 7 days. The 30 : 10 : 60 active-MAP treatments were not proper condition to storage fresh-cut paprika. The visual quality was maintained higher in 0 : 20 : 80 (air), 5 : 5 : 90, and 10 : 70 : 20 active MAP treatments and passive MAP treatment than others and the firmness, off-odor, and electrolyte leakage was investigated at 7th day of storage at $9^{\circ}C$. The 5 : 5 : 90 and 10 : 70 : 20 active-MAP treatment showed higher firmness and lower off-odor than other treatments after $7^{th}$ day of storage at $9^{\circ}C$. In addition, the electrolyte leakage was reduced less than 20% at 0 : 20 : 80 (air), 5 : 5 : 90, 10 : 70 : 20, and passive MA treatments. Therefore, 10 : 70 : 20 ($CO_2:O_2:N_2$) and 0 : 20 : 80 (air) might be recommended for proper active MAP conditions.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.627-632
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to investigate the supplementation effect of selenium on beef color stability. A total of 15 Hanwoo steers were divided into 3 groups and 2 groups were administered with 0.9 ppm of one of two organic-selenium products, Organic-Se and Se-SMC (Se-spent mushroom compost) for 4 mon. The third group was the control group, which was not with fed selenium during the same period. The result of this study showed that there was no significant difference in meat color between the control and treatments when Hunter $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$, chroma, hue and total color difference (${\Delta}E$) were measured after 30 min of blooming. When the oxymyoglobin (OxyMb) contents were measured after beef samples were ground and stored for 48 h at $20^{\circ}C$ in an incubator, they were 26.04%, 28.52% and 33.78% for the control, Organic-Se and Se-SMC after 14 d of storage and 12.65, 18.98 and 18.72 after 21 d of storage at $4^{\circ}C$, respectively (p<0.05). The control had a significantly higher metmyoglobin (MetMb) content than Organic-Se and Se-SMC (p<0.05). This result indicated that selenium supplementation was effective in preventing the oxidation of myoglobin(Mb) and production of MetMb and thus was able to maintain the purplish fresh red color of the meat.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.95-101
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• 2003

Objective : To determine the clinical and bacteriologic efficacy and safety of Cefdinir in acute pharyngitis and pharyngotonsillitis caused by group A beta hemolytic streptococci in pediatric patients. Methods : Children aged 3 through 12 years who visited the hospitals enrolled in this study with signs and symptoms of pharyngitis or pharyngotonsillitis since May to December 2002, were taken throat culture and given Cefdinir(12 mg/kg/day, in three divided doses) for 7 days. Two hundred thirty five patients were enrolled and 90 patients who showed positive culture results were followed up for the signs and symptoms during the treatment to determine clinical efficacy. Follow-up culture were done at the end of the study and bacteriologic efficacy was determined Results : Ninety out of 235 patients who visited the hospitals with the signs and symptoms of pharyngitis showed positive growth on throat culture. Seventy nine patients were clinically and microbiologically assessable. The bacteriologic eradication rates of S. pyogenes were 100% in all the children treated with Cefdinir. Clinical cure rates were not different between less than 7 days-treated group(75%) and just 7 days-treated group(98.6%)(P=0.077). Two patients reported adverse reaction during Cefdinir treatment. Antimicrobial sensitivity of Cefdinir against S. pyogenes was 100% with range of MIC being less than 0.5 ${\mu}g/mL$. Conclusion : It seems that Cefdinir is one of reliable and well-tolerated drugs for the treatment of group A beta hemolytic streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis in children. It needs to be investigated short term efficacy in terms of improving drug compliance and impact of economic point of view. We can recognized that still high rate of the erythromycin resistant group A streptococci in our community should be monitored every year.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: The scab, which is caused by Venturia nashicola, gives serious damages to pear trees. 'Niitaka' accounts for 82% of areas in pear cultivation. However 'Niitaka' is a scab susceptible cultivar. So, most of Korean farmers who growing pear trees have suffered by economic losses with the scab. In this research, we evaluated the scab resistance among elite pear seedlings to clarify genetics about the scab resistance. And we analyzed photosynthetic features with these seedlings to develop suitable cultivar which is advantageous for producing quality fruits during the growth and development of plants. METHODS AND RESULTS: We measured the rates of scab incidence among seedlings in a field experiment condition and an in-vitro test. An in-vitro test has been done with field experiment-based results. We made plant materials by grafting branches of each seedlings with 'Kongbae' rootstocks. And they had been grown for one month. Then, scab conidia suspension is sprayed to seedlings and sustained for 40 days under the controlled environment. As the results, 6 seedlings displayed lower incidence rates than other seedlings and 'Niitaka'. We also measured instant photosynthetic rates of each seedlings to determine the correlation between photosynthetic rates and fruit characteristics. However, it seemed that there is no correlation between them. CONCLUSION(S): Among the seedlings, 6 seedlings displayed the higher resistance to scab than other seedlings and 'Niitaka'. This characteristics is considered to be come from the gene expression of European pear. And we found that photosynthetic rate in trees rarely does not influence the fruit characteristics. It is considered to be affected by cultivar's own characteristics.