• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.255-260
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• 2006

Let $m$ and $k$ be any positive integers, let $\mathbb{Z}_k$ the ring of integers of modulo $k$, let $G_m(\mathbb{Z}_k)$ the group of all $m$ by $m$ nonsingular matrices over $\mathbb{Z}_k$ and let ${\phi}_m(k)$ the order of $G_m(\mathbb{Z}_k)$. In this paper, ${\phi}_m(k)$ can be computed by the following investigation: First, for any relatively prime positive integers $s$ and $t$, $G_m(\mathbb{Z}_{st})$ is isomorphic to $G_m(\mathbb{Z}_s){\times}G_m(\mathbb{Z}_t)$. Secondly, for any positive integer $n$ and any prime $p$, ${\phi}_m(p^n)=p^{m^2}{\cdot}{\phi}_m(p^{n-1})=p{^{2m}}^2{\cdot}{\phi}_m(p^{n-2})={\cdots}=p^{{(n-1)m}^2}{\cdot}{\phi}_m(p)$, and so ${\phi}_m(k)={\phi}_m(p_1^n1){\cdot}{\phi}_m(p_2^{n2}){\cdots}{\phi}_m(p_s^{ns})$ for the prime factorization of $k$, $k=p_1^{n1}{\cdot}p_2^{n2}{\cdots}p_s^{ns}$.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2018년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.133-133
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of charcoal on germination and early growth of barley sprouts. Five treatments were employed based on different amount and treatment method along with control. Barley seeds were soaked in water for 8 hours. Two types of topping treatment were applied such as, charcoal: 100 g (designated as T1) and charcoal: 200 g (T2). Three kinds of mixing treatment were as follows: barley seeds were mixed with 100g of charcoal (designated as M1), with 200g of charcoal (M2), and with 300g of charcoal(M3). The control did not have any charcoal. In our finding, germination rates were observed 53.3% (control), 26.3%(T1), 36.3%(T2), 67.3%(M1), 81.7%(M2), and 79.7%(M3) at three days after inoculation (DAI). Length of radicle was found at 0.90 cm (control), 0.88 cm (T1), 0.99 cm (T2), 1.03cm (M1), 1.66 cm (M2), and 0.70 cm (M3) in 3 DAI. In addition, sprout length was found 4.5 cm (control), 10.4 cm (T1), 11.9 cm (T2), 5.7 cm (M1), 6.3 cm (M2), and 2.1 cm (M3) in 14 DAI. Fresh weight of sprouts were 0.78g (control), 1.03g (T1), 1.07g (T2), 0.96g (M1), 1.07g (M2), and 0.95g (M3). Among the treatment, topping of seeds on 200g of charcoal (T2) showed longest sprout length and fresh weight. Mixing treatments showed higher germination rates and sprout fresh weight. The results may be attributed to difference in micro-climate conditions (mostly temperature and humidity) in the growth boxes in different treatments.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.269-276
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• 2005

본 실험에서 잉어를 대상으로 CPF, NRF 및 OXA등의 약제를 어체당 20 mg/kg 현탁액을 경구투여 후에 1-96 시간 경시적으로 약물의 동태를 조사 하였다. 각 약제별 최고장기농도도달시간은 간장 (8 h), 혈액 (12 h), 신장(12 h) 및 근육 (24 h) 이었다. 각 약제별 최대농도는 CPF (13.8-19.6 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$), NRF (11.8-15.9 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$), 및 OXA (10.8-13.9 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$)순으로 나타났다. 약제농도는 최고치의 도달 이후 빠르게 소실되다가 48-96 h는 완만한 감소를 보였으며, 이때 장기별 약제농도는 근육 (3.3-6.3 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$)> 간장 (2.5-5.5 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$)> 신장 (2.3-4.2 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$) > 혈장 (2.1-3.0 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$)순으로 나타났다. 한편, OXA의 경우 다른 약제에 비해서 약물의 정체기가 나타났다. 즉 혈중은 12-36 h;, 고농도저류대 (24 hr; 10.9-8.8 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$), 근육은 36-96 h에 중간농도대 (60 hr; 8.5-5.8 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$) 및 간장은 12-96 h에 저농도대 (84 hr; 6.8-3.3 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$)등이 형성되었다.약제의 혈중농도에 대한 각 장기농도비 (간장;L, 신장;K, 및 근육;M / 혈액;B)는 시간대에 따라 차이를 보였다. CPF는 즉 L>K>M (0.65-1.2/0.82-0.93/1.0-1.7)순으로 시간대별로 차이가 없었다. NRF는 시간대별로 1-8 h 및 12-24 h L>K>M (0.65-1.3/0.86-1.0)순이었으나, 36 h 이후 L>M>K (0.89-1.26)순이었다. OXA의 있어서는 1-8 h에는 L>K>M (0.95-2.1), 12-36에는 M>K>L (0.51-1.0) 및 48-96 h에는 M>L>K (1.0-2.3)으로 나타났다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.240-245
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• 1997

Interactions between ganglioside $G_{M3}$ and glucose transporter, GLUT1 were studied by measuring the effect of $G_{M3}$ on steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence of purified GLUT1 in synthetic lipids and on the 3-O-methylglucose uptake by human erythrocytes. The intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence showed a GLUT 1 emission maximum of 335 nm, and increased in the presence of $G_{M3}$ by 12% without shifting the emission maximum, The fluorescence lifetimes of intrinsic tryptophan on GLUT1 consisted of a long component of 7.8 ns and a short component of 2,3 ns and $G_{M3}$ increased both lifetime components. Lifetime components were quenched by acrylamide and KI. Acrylarnide-mduced quenching of long-lifetime components was partly recovered by $G_{M3}$ However. KI-induccd quenching of short- and long-lifetime components was not rescued by $G_{M3}$. The anisotropy of 1.6-diphenyl-1.3.5-hexatriene (DPH)-probed dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) model membrane was also increased with $G_{M3}$ incorporation, The transport rate of 3-O-methylglucose increased by 20% with $G_{M3}$ incorporation on the erythrocytes, Therefore, $G_{M3}$ altered the environment of lipid membrane and induced the conformational change of GLUT1.

• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.235-249
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• 1995

Let K be a bounded linear operator from Hilbert space $H_1$ into Hilbert space $H_2$. When numerically solving the first kind equation Kf = g, one usually picks n orthonormal functions $\phi_1, \phi_2,...,\phi_n$ in $H_1$ which depend on the numerical method and on the problem, see Varah [12] for more details. Then one findes the unique minimum norm element $f_M \in M$ that satisfies $\Vert K f_M - g \Vert = inf {\Vert K f - g \Vert : f \in M}$, where M is the linear span of $\phi_1, \phi_2,...,\phi_n$. Such a solution $f_M \in M$ is called the M-solution of K f = g. Some methods for finding the M-solution of K f = g were proposed by Banks [2] and Marti [9,10]. See [5,6,8] for convergence results comparing the M-solution of K f = g with $f_0$, the least squares solution of minimum norm (LSSMN) of K f = g.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.65-77
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• 2002

Objective : This study was undertaken to determine which compound of Bee Venom for herb-acupuncture has cytotoxicity on mouse mast cell line. Methods : We compared crude bee venom and its compounds such as melittin, mast cell degranulating peptide (MCD peptide), apamin with control groups on cytotoxicity by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results & Conclusion : 1. Crude bee venom showed significant cytotoxic effect(p<0.01) in 1 hour treatment with $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ in comparison with control group in 1 hour treatment with low concentration of $10-4{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $10-3{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $10-2{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $10-1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, but it showed no significant cytotoxic effect in 6 hours treatment. 2. Melittin group showed no significant cytotoxic effect in comparison with control group in 1 and 6 hours treatment with low concentration of $10-4{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $10-3{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $10-2{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $10-1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. 3. MCD peptide and Apamin group showed no significant cytotoxic effect in comparison with control group in 1 and 6 hours treatment with low concentration of $10-4{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ $10-3{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $10-2{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $10-1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. 4. Crude bee venom showed significant cytotoxic effect(p<0.01) in 1 and 6 hours treatment in comparison with control group in 1 and 6 hours treatment with high concentration of $10{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $20{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $102{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. 5. Melittin group showed significant cytotoxic effect(p<0.01) in 1 hour treatment in comparison with control group in 1 hour treatment with high concentration of $10{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ but it showed no significant cytotoxic effect in 6 hours treatment. 6. Crude bee venom and its compounds have more cytotoxic effect in 1 hour treatment than in 6 hours treatment. It means cytotoxicity tends to decrease according to the treatment time.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.597-609
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• 2008

In this paper, we will consider certain amalgamated free product structure in crossed product algebras. Let M be a von Neumann algebra acting on a Hilbert space Hand G, a group and let ${\alpha}$ : G${\rightarrow}$ AutM be an action of G on M, where AutM is the group of all automorphisms on M. Then the crossed product $\mathbb{M}=M{\times}{\alpha}$ G of M and G with respect to ${\alpha}$ is a von Neumann algebra acting on $H{\bigotimes}{\iota}^2(G)$, generated by M and $(u_g)_g{\in}G$, where $u_g$ is the unitary representation of g on ${\iota}^2(G)$. We show that $M{\times}{\alpha}(G_1\;*\;G_2)=(M\;{\times}{\alpha}\;G_1)\;*_M\;(M\;{\times}{\alpha}\;G_2)$. We compute moments and cumulants of operators in $\mathbb{M}$. By doing that, we can verify that there is a close relation between Group Freeness and Amalgamated Freeness under the crossed product. As an application, we can show that if $F_N$ is the free group with N-generators, then the crossed product algebra $L_M(F_n){\equiv}M\;{\times}{\alpha}\;F_n$ satisfies that $$L_M(F_n)=L_M(F_{{\kappa}1})\;*_M\;L_M(F_{{\kappa}2})$$, whenerver $n={\kappa}_1+{\kappa}_2\;for\;n,\;{\kappa}_1,\;{\kappa}_2{\in}\mathbb{N}$.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:시스템및이론
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• 제31권1_2호
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• pp.86-94
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• 2004

이 논문에서는 재귀원형군 $ G(2^m, 4), m{\geq}3$은 고장인 요소의 수가 m-2개 이하일 때, 임의의 1, 4 ${\leq}1{\leq}2^m-f_v$에 대하여 길이 1인 고장 없는 사이클을 가짐을 보인다. 여기서, f$_{v}$ 는 고장 정점의 수이다. 이를 위하여, ｜F｜$\leq$k인 임의의 고장 요소 집합 F에 대해서 G-F가 임의의 두 정점을 잇는 길이가 해밀톤 경로보다 하나 작은 경로를 가질 때, G를 k-고장 하이포해밀톤 연결된 그래프라고 정의하고, $ G(2^m, 4), m{\geq}3$은 m-3-고장 하이포해밀톤 연결된 그래프임을 보인다.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.71-75
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• 2014

The tRNA structure contains conserved modifications that are responsible for its stability and are involved in the initiation and accuracy of the translation process. tRNA modification enzymes are prevalent in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. tRNA Gm18 methyltransferase (TrmH) and tRNA $m^1G37$ methyltransferase (TrmD) are prevalent and essential enzymes in bacterial populations. TrmH involves itself in methylation process at the 2'-OH group of ribose at the 18th position of guanosine (G) in tRNAs. TrmD methylates the G residue next to the anticodon in selected tRNA subsets. Initially, $m^1G37$ modification was reported to take place on three conserved tRNA subsets ($tRNA^{Arg}$, $tRNA^{Leu}$, $tRNA^{Pro}$); later on, few archaea and eukaryotes organisms revealed that other tRNAs also have the $m^1G37$ modification. The present study reveals Gm18, $m^1G37$ modification, and positions of $m^1G$ that take place next to the anticodon in tRNA sequences. We selected extremophile organisms and attempted to retrieve the $m^1G$ and Gm18 modification bases in tRNA sequences. Results showed that the Gm18 modification G residue occurs in all tRNA subsets except three tRNAs ($tRNA^{Met}$, $tRNA^{Pro}$, $tRNA^{Val}$). Whereas the $m^1G37$ modification base G is formed only on $tRNA^{Arg}$, $tRNA^{Leu}$, $tRNA^{Pro}$, and $tRNA^{His}$, the rest of the tRNAs contain adenine (A) next to the anticodon. Thus, we hypothesize that Gm18 modification and $m^1G$ modification occur irrespective of a G residue in tRNAs.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.84-93
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• 1999

목적: 주기율표상에서 7족에 위치하며, 유사한 화학적 특성을 지닌 $^{99m}Tc$와 $^{188}Re$의 항체에 표지하는 조건의 차이점과 앞서 표지된 항체의 핵종에 따른 거동의 차이를 비교 실험해 보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: mercaptoethanol을 사용하여 non-specific human IgG의 disulfide 결합을 환원시켜, -SH 기의 발생을 유도하였다. 앞서 처리된 IgG을 stannous ion 을 사용하여 $^{99m}Tc$과 $^{188}Re$을 환원하여 $^{99m}Tc$-IgG과 $^{188}Re$-IgG을 제작하였다. HPLC를 사용하여 $^{99m}Tc$-IgG은 1시간, 4시간. 6시간, 24시간마다 $^{188}Re$-IgG은 1시간, 4시간, 16시간, 24시간마다 시간경과에 따른 안정도 변화를 확인하였다. 결과: 한 분자당 약 2개의 -SH기를 유도 면역 활성이 최대한 유지되는 환원된 IgG를 얻을 수 있었다. 각각 90%와 95% 이상의 높은 표지반응수율로 $^{99m}Tc$-IgG과 $^{188}Re$-IgG을 얻었다. $^{99m}Tc$-IgG의 %peak area를 1시간, 4시간, 6시간, 24시간마다 측정한 값은 각각 91%, 83%, 78%, 7%이었다. $^{188}Re$-IgG의 경우 1시간, 4시간, 16시간, 24시간에서 94%, 80%, 47%, 42%이었다. $^{99m}Tc$-IgG을 정맥주사 후 4시간 후의 %ID/g는 장기별로 신장, 혈액, 위, 농양($9.42{\pm}0.68,\;1.43{\pm}0.24,\;0.86{\pm}0.18,\;0.72{\pm}0.10$)순이었고, 24시간에서는 신장, 농양, 위, 혈액($7.61{\pm}1.58,\;0.57{\pm}0.07,\;0.37{\pm}0.09,\;0.281{\pm}0.09$)의 순이었다. $^{188}Re$-IgG의 경우 4시간에서 신장, 혈액, 농양, 위($3.92{\pm}0.62,\;1.32{\pm}0.08,\;0.88{\pm}0.01,\;0.26{\pm}0.06$)의 순이였고, 24시간에서 신장, 농양, 혈액, 위($4{\pm}0.26,\;0.37{\pm}0.04,\;0.29{\pm}0.01,\;0.13{\pm}0.03$)의 순이었다. 결론: $^{99m}Tc$-IgG과 $^{188}Re$-IgG의 표지항체는 직접표지 법을 사용하여 효과적으로 제조되었다. 그러나, 직접표지법을 사용한 $^{99m}Tc$-IgG과 $^{188}Re$-IgG의 안정도는 시간경과에 따라 불안정함을 보여 안정성을 증가시키기 위한 항체표지 방법들에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되었다.