• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.227-232
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• 2013

The dried root of Angelica gigas (A. gigas) has been traditionally used as an oriental medicine, which is known to improve blood circulation and blood stasis. In the present study, leaves and stalks of A. gigas were used to investigate their effects on the innate immunity. The extracts were prepared from leaves and stalks of A. gigas and were fed to mice. The numbers of blood cells, total WBCs, neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils and basophils were increased by 50% in mice fed with leaves extract of A. gigas compared to control mice. However, the numbers of blood cells were decreased when treated with stalks extract of A. gigas. The level of cholesterol and triglyceride in serum was markedly reduced in both mice group fed with leaves extract and stalks extract of A. gigas compared to control group (P<0.01). There was no significant change in the level of albumin, total protein, phosphate and calcium in serum. Activity of cationic peptide was found to be diffused in the testicles of mice fed with leaves extract of A. gigas compared to control group, which might be due to increased lysozyme in testicle. The lysoplate assay and immunohistochemistry assay suggest that the extract of leaves and stalks of A. gigas are immunogenic, but the effects might be related with acquired immune response rather than innate immunity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.484-489
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• 2004

Bifidobacterium species isolated from infant feces were fractionated into cell wall, cytosol, and extracellular preparations of culture broth, and each fraction was examined for Peyer's patch-mediated bone marrow cell proliferation activity in vitro. Cell wall preparation of B. bifidum SL-21 (CWP) showed the highest bone marrow cell proliferating activity dose dependently, and enhanced production of cytokines, such as hematopoietic growth factor (GM-CSF), IL-2, and IL-6, in culture supernatant of Peyer's patch cells, After treatment with lysozyme, CWP was fractionated, among which intermediate molecular-weight fraction (30-50 kDa) showed significantly high bone marrow cell proliferating activity. These results suggest CWP of B. bifidum SL-21 effectively activates lymphocytes in Peyer's patch, and several cytokines, possibly playing important role in enhancement of systemic immune system, were produced by activated lymphocytes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.10
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• pp.1151-1157
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• 2017

This study examined the immune response of Philippines eel (Anguilla bicolor) to the oral administration of fermented Sparassis crispa stipe extract for 6 weeks. The S. crispa extract fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum showed a higher total phenol content (301.68 ppm) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (63.9%) than those fermented with other strains. Therefore, L. plantarum was selected as a suitable starter culture for the fermentation of S. crispa stipe. The eels were fed a commercial diet supplemented with 1% of fermented S. crispa stipe extract for 6 weeks. The mortality rate of the eels fed the supplemented diet was significantly lower than those of the control after 6 weeks. The lysozyme activity of the serum was increased significantly (12.33 ${\rightarrow}$ 54.66 units) after 6 weeks in the eel fed supplemented diets of fermented S. crispa stipe. The serum of the eel fed the supplemented diet of the S. crispa stipe extract showed higher bactericidal activity. These results suggest that both the S. crispa stipe extract and fermented S. crispa stipe have strong potential to activate the innate immune response of the Philippines eel.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.82-88
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• 2008

A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of probiotics as a feed additive for juvenile Korean rockfish Sebastes schlegeli. Four experimental diets supplemented with no probiotic(Control), Bacillus polyfermenticus(BP), Bacillus licheniformis(BL) or Bacillus polyfermenticus plus Saccharomyces cerevisiae(BP+SC) at $1.0{\times}10^7$ CFU/kg diet as a dry-mater(DM) basis were prepared by mixing with a basal diet. After 12 weeks of the feeding trial, fish fed BP+SC diet showed significantly higher weight gain(WG), feed efficiency(FE), specific growth rate(SGR) and protein efficiency ratio(PER) than those of fish fed control diet(P<0.05), however there were no significant differences in WG, FE, SGR and PER among fish fed the BP, BL and BP+SC diets. Fish fed BP and BP+SC diets showed significantly higher condition factor(CF) than that of fish fed control and BL diets. Fish fed BP, BL, BP+SC diets showed significantly higher hepatosomatic index(HSI) than that of fish fed control diet, however there was no significant difference in HSI among fish fed BP, BL and BP+SC diets. Fish fed BP+SC diet showed significantly lower serum glucose than that of fish fed control diet, however there was no significant difference in serum glucose among fish fed BP, BL and BP+SC diets. Fish fed BP+SC diet showed significantly higher respiratory burst activity(NBT assay) than that of the fish fed control and BL diets, however there was no significant difference in NBT assay between fish fed BP and BP+SC diets. Fish fed BP and BL diets showed significantly higher lysozyme activity than that of the fish fed control diet, however there was no significant difference in lysozyme activity among fish fed BP, BL and BP+SC diets. Fish fed BP and BP+SC diets showed significantly lower cumulative mortality than that of the fish fed control diet, however there was no significant difference in cumulative mortality among fish fed BP, BL and BP+SC diets after the challenge test. From these results, dietary B. polyfermenticus, B. licheniformis and B. polyfermenticus plus S. cerevisiae supplementation in juvenile Korean rockfish diet could enhance growth performances, non-speicific immunities and a higher resistance against the specific pathogen.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.514-518
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• 1992

The present study has been perromed to investigate the optimal conditions for protoplast formation and regeneration of oleandomycin-producing Streptomyces antibioticus (S. antibioticus) KCTC 1081. Mycelia were grown in YME medium containing 0.2% (w/v) glycine and converted into the protoplast by incubating at 35.deg.C for 60 minutes in protoplast buffer (P buffer) containing 4 mg/ml lysozyme. The reversion of protoplasts to the normal filamentous state was examined by the growth on various synthetic agar media. A high reversion rate was obtained by incubating the protoplasts on a hypertonic agar medium containing 20 mM $Mg^{++}$, 5 mM $Ca^{++}$ and 0.3 M sucrose at 28.deg.C for 5 days. From these experiments, we established the improved regeneration medium and a protocol which supports higher and more consistent levels of regeneration of S. antibioticus protoplasts. The regenerant showed an increased antimicrobial activity compared with that of the initial strain.n.n.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.4239-4243
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• 2011

Biocompatible hydrogels from 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) monomer containing various amount of alginate in the presence and absence of hydrophilic methacrylic acid (MAA) were synthesized in order for biomedical application. The antimicrobial effect and interaction with proteins for hydrogels were investigated in this study. MAA was introduced because it was expected to increase the amount of water content in the polymer which is an important factor for biocompatibility, and alginate was expected to enhance the antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial effect against S. aureus and E. coli increased for all hydrogels as the amount of alginate and MAA contained. Presence of MAA further enhances the antimicrobial effect. Amount of adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) increased with increasing concentration of alginate whether MAA was present or not. Contrarily, the amount of lysozyme was not affected with increasing alginate concentration in the absence of MAA, while it decreased in the presence of MAA.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.146-148
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• 2001

Lactobacillus crispatus ATCC 33820 and L. gasseri ATCC 33323 were grown in MRS broth (pH 6.5) at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 24 h and the antibacterial activities of cell free culture supernatants were determined by the agar well diffusion method. The culture supernatants were inhibitory to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pediococcus acidilacticii, and Lactobacillus helveticus. The supernatants did not show any lysozyme activity. Addition of catalase did not affect the antibacterial activities of the supernatants. The antibacterial substances were heat stable (100$^{\circ}C$ for 60 min) and sensitive to proteases.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.1552-1558
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• 2020

With an increase in the consumption of non-heated fresh food, foodborne shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) has emerged as one of the most problematic pathogens worldwide. Endolysin, a bacteriophage-derived lysis protein, is able to lyse the target bacteria without any special resistance, and thus has been garnering interest as a powerful antimicrobial agent. In this study, rV5-like phage endolysin targeting E. coli O157:H7, named as LysECP26, was identified and purified. This endolysin had a lysozyme-like catalytic domain, but differed markedly from the sequence of lambda phage endolysin. LysECP26 exhibited strong activity with a broad lytic spectrum against various gram-negative strains (29/29) and was relatively stable at a broad temperature range (4℃-55℃). The optimum temperature and pH ranges of LysECP26 were identified at 37℃-42℃ and pH 7-8, respectively. NaCl supplementation did not affect the lytic activity. Although LysECP26 was limited in that it could not pass the outer membrane, E. coli O157: H7 could be effectively controlled by adding ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and citric acid (1.44 and 1.14 log CFU/ml) within 30 min. Therefore, LysECP26 may serve as an effective biocontrol agent for gram-negative pathogens, including E. coli O157:H7.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.198-205
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• 1996

Two proteases were partially characterized from culture filtrate of Mycobacterium, tuberculosis KIT110. Their molecular weights were approximately 200 and 180 kDa, respectively and they exhibited similar enzymatic characteristics. These enzymes were inhibited significantly by EDTA and to some extent by EGTA. Their activity was enhanced by $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ to some degree. However, $Cu^{2+}$ and $Ag^{2+}$ completely inhibited the enzyme activity at the concentration of 2.5 and 5 mM, respectively. The optimal pH was 7.0 and optimal temperature was around $40^{\circ}C$. These enzymes were rapidly inactivated at $80^{\circ}C$. Therefore, they were heat-labile, neutral metalloproteases. These enzymes exhibited antigenicity shown by their reacting with sera from the partients with pulmonary tuberculosis. These enzymes were able to degrade serum proteins including hemoglobin, bovine serum albumin, lysozyme and immunoglobulin G and structural matrix protein such as type I collagen. Therefore, these enzymes may be thought to contribute to tissue necrosis and pathogenesis during infection.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.171-176
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the in vivo toxicity of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), on the immune system of the rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus. Fish were injected twice intraperitoneally with DEHP (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg BW), and the cellularity and functional activity of phagocytes in the spleen and head kidney were measured. The number of head kidney leukocyte cells was significantly greater in fish treated with 800-mg DEHP/kg BW. Nonspecific immunity, as determined by the phagocytic index, was significantly decreased at 800-mg DEHP/kg BW in the head kidney. A significant reduction in phagocytic capacity was observed in the head kidney at ${\geq}$400-mg DEHP/kg BW. Furthermore, significantly increased levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamic pyruvate transaminase indicated a marked hepatic dysfunction in immunosuppressed fish. Total serum protein was significantly reduced at ${\geq}$400-mg DEHP/kg BW; however, there were no significant changes in lysozyme activity. These results demonstrate that immune responses in the rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus can predict immunotoxicity at doses ${\geq}$400-mg DEHP/kg BW.