• Yonsei Medical Journal
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• 제59권9호
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• pp.1088-1095
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• 2018

Purpose: Post-operative pulmonary function is an important prognostic factor for lung transplantation. The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting recovery of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) at the first year after lung transplantation. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of lung transplantation patients between October 2012 and June 2016. Patients who survived for longer than one year and who underwent pulmonary function test at the first year of lung transplantation were enrolled. Patients were divided into two groups according to whether they recovered to a normal range of FEV1 (FEV1 ${\geq}80%$ of predicted value vs. <80%). We compared the two groups and analyzed factors associated with lung function recovery. Results: Fifty-eight patients were enrolled in this study: 28 patients (48%) recovered to a FEV1 ${\geq}80%$ of the predicted value, whereas 30 patients (52%) did not. Younger recipients [odds ratio (OR), 0.92; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.87-0.98; p=0.010], longer duration of mechanical ventilator use after surgery (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.03-1.26; p=0.015), and high-grade primary graft dysfunction (OR, 8.08; 95% CI, 1.67-39.18; p=0.009) were identified as independent risk factors associated with a lack of full recovery of lung function at 1 year after lung transplantation. Conclusion: Immediate postoperative status may be associated with recovery of lung function after lung transplantation.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.110-115
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• 2012

Background: Pneumonectomy remains the ultimate curative treatment modality for destroyed lung caused by tuberculosis despite multiple risks involved in the procedure. We retrospectively evaluated patients who underwent pneumonectomy for treatment of sequelae of pulmonary tuberculosis to determine the risk factors of early and long-term outcomes. Materials and Methods: Between January 1980 and December 2008, pneumonectomy or pleuropneumonectomy was performed in 73 consecutive patients with destroyed lung caused by tuberculosis. There were 48 patients with empyema (12 with bronchopleural fistula [BPF]), 11 with aspergilloma and 7 with multidrug resistant tuberculosis. Results: There were 5 operative mortalities (6.8%). One patient had intraoperative uncontrolled arrhythmia, one had a postoperative cardiac arrest, and three had postoperative respiratory failure. A total of 29 patients (39.7%) suffered from postoperative complications. Twelve patients (16.7%) were found to have postpneumonectomy empyema (PPE), 4 patients had wound infections (5.6%), and 7 patients required re-exploration due to postoperative bleeding (9.7%). The prevalence of PPE increased in patients with preoperative empyema (p=0.019). There were five patients with postoperative BPF, four of which occurred in right-side operation. The only risk factor for BPF was the right-side operation (p=0.023). The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 88.9% and 76.2%, respectively. The risk factors for late deaths were old age (${\geq}50$ years, p=0.02) and low predicted postoperative forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (< 1.2 L, p=0.02). Conclusion: Although PPE increases in patients with preoperative empyema and postoperative BPF increases in right-side operation, the mortality rates and long-term survival rates were found to be satisfactory. However, the follow-up care for patients with low predicted postoperative FEV1 should continue for prevention and early detection of pulmonary complication related to impaired pulmonary function.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.982-987
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• 1998

연세대학교 의과대학 신촌세브란스병원 흉부외과에서는 1990년 1월부터 1996년 12월까지 원발성 폐암으로 폐절제술을 시행한 환자중 병리학적 병기가 제 1기인 146명을 대상으로 분석 하였다. 이중 남자는 115명, 여자가 31명이었고 나이는 27세에서 79세까지로 평균 58.9세 이었다. 세포병리학적 분류로 상피세포암이 7 2례(49.3%), 선암이 45례(30.8%)로 대부분 이었고, 수술은 전례에서 폐절제술과 종격동 임파절 박리술을 시행하였으며 폐엽 절제술이 96례(65.7%), 전폐 절제술이 48례(32.9%)이었다. 수술사망은 5례(3.4%), 합병증은 24례(16.5%)에서 발생하였다. 5년 생존율은 64.1% 이었으며 평균 생존기간은 66.5개월이었다. 예후인자별 분석에서 수술범위(p=0.1165), 세포형(p=0.8893)에 따른 생존율의 차이는 없었으며, 장측늑 막의 침윤 여부(p=0.0079), T1과 T2(p=0.0462), 선암에서 종양의 크기(>=5 cm)(p=0.0472)에 따른 생존율은 의미있는 차이를 보였다. 수술후 재발은 47례(33.3%)에서 발생 하였고, 이중 국소재발이 9례, 원격전이가 38례 이었다. 재발된 례중 대부분인 44례(93.7%)가 T2병변에서 재발되었고 3례(6.4%)만이 T1병변에서 재 발 되었다. 원격전이가 일어난 부위로는 반대편 폐가 13례로 가장 많았고 뇌 12례, 골 10례등 이었다. 결 론으로 장측늑막의 침윤, T2 병변, 선암에서 크기가 5 cm 이상인 경우에는 제 1기 폐암이라 할 지라도 수 술후 보조치료를 고려해 볼 수 있으리라 사료되었다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.687-693
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• 2010

배경: 자연 기흉으로 수술한 환자의 고해상도 CT에 보이는 반대편 기포 유무가 반대편 기흉 발생에 어떤 영향이 있는지 아직도 논란이 되고 있다. 저자들은 고해상도 CT에 보이는 반대편 기포 유무가 기흉 발생에 어떤 영향이 있는지와 기흉 발생의 위험 인자가 무엇인지에 대하여 연구하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2004년 l월부터 2009년 12월까지 본원에서 흉강경을 이용하여 수술 받은 자연 기흉 환자 394명을 대상으로 하였다. 이들 환자의 임상상과 고해상도 CT, 그리고 치료법에 대하여 후향적으로 조사하였다. 결과: 394명 중 28명 (7.10%)에서 반대편에 기흉이 발생했다. 발생까지의 기간은 13.06 (${\pm}9.79$) 개월이었다. 반대편에 기포의 유무가 반대편 자연 기흉 발생에 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없으나(p=0.059) 반대편에 자연 기흉이 발생한 군에서 더 많은 기포수를 갖는 것으로 나타났다(p=0.011). 성별, 흡연 여부는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 10대의 젊은 연령과 $18.5kg/m^2$ 이하의 체질량 지표가 통계적으로 유의하였으며 독립적 인 위험 인자로 나타났다(표본오차비율=0.04, 0.038, 0.00 각각). 결론: 자연 기흉으로 비디오 흉강경 수술 시행 받은 환자에서 고해상도CT에 보이는 기포와 크기는 반대편 자연 기흉의 발생에 영향이 없었다. 하지만 반대편 기흉이 발생한 군에서 기포수가 증가하는 경향이었고 10대인 젊은 연령과 체질량 지표가 $18.5kg/m^2$ 이하라는 위험 요인을 갖고 있었다. 따라서 이러한 환자들에 대하여는 외래 경과 추적 관찰을 자주하여 세심한 주의와 대중적인 치료가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 1993

A multivariate analysis of the prognostic factors and five year survival rate was carried out on a series of 72 thyroid cancers treated surgically from 1980 to 1987 and followed for 1 to 11 years. The prognosis of the disease was significantly influenced by age at diagnosis, extracapsular invasion, angioinvasion and pathologic type, but the disease was not influenced by sex, lymph node metastasis, and 'risk' category. The overall five year survival rate was 89.7%. Six patients were dead of tumor after surviving for six months to two and half years, and the cause of death was local recurrence in three, lung metastasis in two and bone metastasis in one patient. Five year survival rate in age above fifty, presence of capsule and angioinvasion, follicular carcinoma, and extrathyroidal lesion was significantly shorter than that of patients with age below fifty, absence of capsule and angioinvasion, papillary carcinoma, and intrathyroidal lesion. Patients at low risk or with small carcinomas had long survival over 5 years with only lobectomy. Lymph node dissection was done with a limited type in no jugular metastasis, radical neck disscetion was performed only therapeutically in proved jugular node metastasis. Thyroid hormone was administered for the period of 3 to 5 years to suppress endogenous TSH production.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.86-93
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• 2017

Background: The influence of lifestyle diseases on postoperative complications and long-term survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether lifestyle diseases were significant risk factors of perioperative and long-term surgical outcomes in elderly patients with stage I NSCLC. Methods: Between December 1995 and November 2013, 110 patients aged 65 years or older who underwent surgical resection of stage I NSCLC at Dong-A University Hospital were retrospectively studied. We assessed the presence of the following lifestyle diseases as risk factors for postoperative complications and long-term mortality: diabetes, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, and ischemic heart disease. Results: The mean age of the patients was 71 years (range, 65 to 82 years). Forty-six patients (41.8%) had hypertension, making it the most common lifestyle disease, followed by diabetes (n=23, 20.9%). The in-hospital mortality rate was 0.9% (n=1). The 3-year and 5-year survival rates were 78% and 64%, respectively. Postoperative complications developed in 32 patients (29.1%), including 7 (6.4%) with prolonged air leakage, 6 (5.5%) with atrial fibrillation, 5 (4.5%) with delirium and atelectasis, and 3 (2.7%) with acute kidney injury and pneumonia. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that the presence of a lifestyle disease was the only independent risk factor for postoperative complications. In survival analysis, univariate analysis showed that age, smoking, body mass index, extent of resection, and pathologic stage were associated with impaired survival. Multivariate analysis revealed that resection type (hazard ratio [HR], 2.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08 to 4.49; p=0.030) and pathologic stage (HR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.02 to 3.49; p=0.043) had independent adverse impacts on survival. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the presence of a lifestyle disease was a significant prognostic factor for postoperative complications, but not of survival, in elderly patients with stage I NSCLC. Therefore, postoperative complications may be influenced by the presence of a lifestyle disease.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.130-134
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• 2013

Background: Rib fractures are the most common type of thoracic trauma and cause other complications. We explored the risk factors for pneumonia in patients with multiple rib fractures. Materials and Methods: Four hundred and eighteen patients who visited our hospital with multiple rib fractures between January 2002 and December 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Chest X-rays and chest computed tomography were used to identify injury severity. Patients with only a single rib fracture or who were transferred to another hospital within 2 days were excluded. Results: There were 327 male patients (78%), and the median age was 53 years. The etiologies of the patients' trauma included traffic accidents in 164 cases (39%), falls in 78 cases (19%), slipping and falling in 90 (22%), pedestrian accidents in 30 (7%), industrial accidents in 41 (10%), and assault in 15 (4%). The median number of rib fractures was 4.8. Pulmonary complications including flail chest (2.3%), lung contusion (22%), hemothorax (62%), pneumothorax (31%), and hemopneumothorax (20%) occurred. Chest tubes were inserted into the thoracic cavity in 216 cases (52%), and the median duration of chest tube insertion was 10.26 days. The Injury Severity Score (ISS) and rib score had a median of 15.27 and 6.9, respectively. Pneumonia occurred in 18 cases (4.3%). Of the total cases, 33% of the cases were managed in the intensive care unit (ICU), and the median duration of stay in the ICU was 7.74 days. Antibiotics were administered in 399 patients (95%) for a median of 10.53 days. Antibiotics were used for more than 6 days in 284 patients (68%). The factors affecting pneumonia in patients with multiple rib fractures in multivariate analysis included age (p=0.004), ISS (p<0.001), and rib score (p=0.038). The use of antibiotics was not associated with the occurrence of pneumonia (p=0.28). In-hospital mortality was 5.3% (n=22). Conclusion: The factors affecting risk of pneumonia in patients with multiple rib fractures included age (p=0.004), ISS (p<0.001), and rib score (p=0.038). Elderly patients with multiple traumas have a high risk of pneumonia and should be treated accordingly.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.44-50
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• 2011

Background: Cardiovascular complications are major causes of morbidity and mortality following non-cardiac thoracic operations. Recent studies have demonstrated that elevation of N-Terminal Pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels can predict cardiac complications following non-cardiac major surgery as well as cardiac surgery. However, there is little information on the correlation between lung resection surgery and NT-proBNP levels. We evaluated the role of NT-proBNP as a potential marker for the risk stratification of cardiac complications following lung resection surgery. Material and Methods: Prospectively collected data of 98 patients, who underwent elective lung resection from August 2007 to February 2008, were analyzed. Postoperative adverse cardiac events were categorized as myocardial injury, ECG evidence of ischemia or arrhythmia, heart failure, or cardiac death. Results: Postoperative cardiac complications were documented in 9 patients (9/98, 9.2%): Atrial fibrillation in 3, ECG-evidenced ischemia in 2 and heart failure in 4. Preoperative median NT-proBNP levels was significantly higher in patients who developed postoperative cardiac complications than in the rest (200.2 ng/L versus 45.0 ng/L, p=0.009). NT-proBNP levels predicted adverse cardiac events with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.76 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.545~0.988, p=0.01]. A preoperative NT-proBNP value of 160 ng/L was found to be the best cut-off value for detecting postoperative cardiac complication with a positive predictive value of 0.857 and a negative predictive value of 0.978. Other factors related to cardiac complications by univariate analysis were a higher American Society of Anesthesiologists grade, a higher NYHA functional class and a history of hypertension. In multivariate analysis, however, high preoperative NT-proBNP level (>160 ng/L) only remained significant. Conclusion: An elevated preoperative NT-proBNP level is identified as an independent predictor of cardiac complications following lung resection surgery.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.304-309
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• 2006

배경: 간질성 폐렴(IP)은 폐암의 발생과 깊은 관련이 있으나 수술 후 경과에 미치는 영향은 아직 밝혀진 바 없다. 본 연구의 목적은 술전 간질성 폐렴과 수술 후 급성 호흡부전의 발생과의 관련성을 알아보기 위한 것이다. 대상 및 방법: 1997년 1월부터 2005년 3월까지 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 부속병원에서 근치적 수술을 시행받은 원발성 폐암환자 672예를 대상으로 후향적인 검토를 시행하였다. 수술 전 흉부 HRCT소견이나 수술 표본의 병리조직 판독서에서 간질성 폐렴이 확인된 환자들을 간질성 폐렴(IP)군으로 구분하여, 비합병(non-IP)군과의 사이에 수술 전 검사치와 암 관련 사항들을 비교 분석하였다. 또한 IP군에서는 급성 호흡부전의 발생군과 비발생군 사이에서 급성 호흡부전의 발생에 영향을 줄 수 있는 상이점들을 분석하였다. 결과: 근치적 수술을 시행 받은 672예 중 28예(4.2%)에서 수술 후 급성 호흡부전증이 합병되었으며, 672예 중 수술 전에 IP의 동반이 확인되었던 증례는 53예(7.9%)였다. IP 동반례에서는 6예(11.3%)에서 수술 후 급성 호흡부전증이 합병되었으며, IP가 없었던 619예에서는 22예(3.6%)에서 합병되었다. 급성 호흡부전증의 합병환자 28예 중 21예에서 사망하여 사망률은 75%였다. 결론: 간질성 폐렴은 폐암 수술 후 급성 호흡부전의 발생과 관련이 있다고 생각되었다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제38권9호
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• pp.616-621
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• 2005

배경: 비소세포폐암에서 전폐절제술은 총 시행 술식 중 $20 {\~}35\%$를 차지하고 있으며 특히 우측 전폐 절제술의 경우 $10{\~}25\%$의 높은 사망률이 보고되고 있다. 이에 저자들은 전폐 절제술 후 일어날 수 있는 합병증의 양상을 알아보고 술식에 따른 합병증의 양상과 원인, 그리고 사망률에 미치는 원인을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1987년 8월부터 2002년 4월까지 원자력병원 흥부외과에서 비소세포폐암으로 전폐절제술을 시행 받은 환자들의 의무기록을 후향적으로 조사하였다. 결과: 총 386예의 전폐 절제술을 시행하였으며 좌측 238예, 우측 148예였으며 표준술식 207예, 확장술식 179예였다. 이중 115예의 합병증($28.5\%$)이 발생하였고, 12예에서 사망하여 $3.1\%$의 수술 사망률을 보였다. 이는 같은 기간에 시행된 폐엽 절제술의 수술사망률($2.1\%$)과 비슷하였다. 사망 예를 좌우로 구분해보면 좌측2예($0.5\%$), 우측 10예($2.6\%$)였다. 합병증을 증상별로 분류하면 애성 42예, 폐렴 및 급성호흡부전 17예(9예), 농흉 8예, 기관지-늑막루 5예(1예), 재수술을 요하는 출혈 5예(1예), 부정맥 5예, 폐 부종 1예(1예), 기타 25예이었다(괄호 안은 그 합병증에 의한 사망예). 수술사망에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 먼저 확장 술식 6예($3.3\%$), 표준 술식 6예($2.9\%$)의 수술 사망을 보여 두 군간의 유의 있는 차이는 보이지 않았다(p=0.812). 그리고 60세 미만군(n=204)에서 2예($1.0\%$), 60세 이상 군(n=182)에서 10예($5.5\%$)가 사망하여 의미 있는 차이를 보였으며(p=0.016), 좌우를 비교했을 때 우측의 사망률이 5배정도 높았으며 통계적으로도 의미 있는 차이를 보였다(p=0.002). 호흡기계 합병증에 영향을 미치는 요인을 보면 60세 이상 군에서 20예($11.0\%$)와 60세 미만 군에서 7예($3.4\%$)로 60세 이상 군에서 의미 있는 차이를 보였으며(p=0.005), 좌측 전폐 절제술 군에서 10예($4.2\%$)와 우측 전폐 절제술 군에서 17예($11.5\%$)로 우측에서 의미 있는 차이를 보였다(p=0.008). 결론: 본 연구에서 전폐절제술의 수술사망과 호흡기계합병증은 60세 이상의 고령과 우측 전폐절제술 시 높아진다. 따라서 고 위험군의 수술 시에 수술대상환자의 선별과 수슬전 후 환자관리가 중요할 것으로 생각한다. 그러나 전폐절제술의 수술 사망률은 폐엽 절제술과 비슷하므로 폐암의 완전절제를 위해서는 전폐절제술은 안전하게 시행될 수 있는 술식으로 생각한다.