• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.77-83
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• 2018

We investigated the age-related BMD, accumulated bone loss rate and peak BMD at Lumbar spine, total hip in Korean using data from KNHANES (the 1st(2010), 2nd(2011) and year at the 5th survey). We found that the cubic regression model was the best for describing age-related changes in BMD. Lumbar spine, total hip in bone mineral density difference were analyzed using ANOVA. This showed that the peak BMD was at the age of 20-24 years at lumbar spine, total hip and the bone loss rate was the highest in the lumbar spine at 75-79 years and the total hip was 80 years or older in the men. This showed that the peak BMD was at the age of 40-44 years at lumbar spine, total hip and the bone loss rate was the highest in the lumbar spine at 70 years or older and the total hip was 75-79 years older, 80 years old, 55-59 years old in the women. Therefore, in men, 75 years or older to increase the rate of osteoporosis screening, and women in their 50s and older menopause related management strategies to manage osteoporosis will be needed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.622-633
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• 1996

The purpose of present study was to assess the change of bone mineral density (BMD) by age and the dietary factors influcencing on BMD in Korean women in Taegu. The subjects were 242 healthy female in the range of 7-67 years old, and were divided into 4 age groups. BMD of lumbar of lumbar spine, femur(neck, ward's triangle, trochanter)and total body was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptionmetry. The nutrient intake measured by convenient method was similar to or more than the level of RDA. The significant relationship between nutrient intake and BMD was observed. Particularly for lumbar spine and total body in group 4 (50-60yr), such as energy, carbohyrate, protein, fat, Ca, animal Ca, meat Ca, Fe, thiamin and niacin were found significantly positive correlations. By analysis of multiple regression, significant relationships were shown between protein and lumbar spine and total body BMD in group 4, between ascorbic acid and total body BMD in group 2(17-34 yr). Energy expenditure showed better corrlations with BMD rather than nutrient intake. BMD was significantly greater in subjects consuming a mean dietary Ca intake more than 125% of RDA compared with less than 75% of RDA. In high Ca intake group ($\geq$125% of RDA), there were the significantly negative correlations between animal (meat) Ca and BMD in each bone of 7-9 years. The excessive intake of animal protein in this age group was found. And the correlations between BMD and past milk consumptin were significant in all skeletal sites of group 1(7-16 yr). This study confirms that the most effective way of preventing osteoporosis and the fractures is to maximize peak bone mass in early life and to minimize bone loss through the balanced adequate intake of Ca and other nutrients and regular physical activity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.642-655
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• 1992

This study was designed to investigate the effect of nutrient intake on bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine(L2longrightarrowL4) in 41 postmenopausal women. The BMD of the lumbar spine was positively correlated with caiorie protein animal protein fat animal fat calcium animal calcium milk ad dairy calcium phosphorus iron animal iron vitamin A thiamin animal calcium milk and dairy calcium phosphorus iron animal iron vitamin A thiamin riboflavin niacin and ascorbic acid intake. Postmenopausal wmen of BMD$\geq$100% showed enhanced calorie protein fat calcium phosphrous niacin intake compared women of BMD<100% In the group of calorie protein riboflavin intake$\geq$recommended dietary allowances(RDA) BMD was significantly higher than BMD in the group of these nutrient intakes$\geq$700 mg/d is significantly higher than BMD that of examined using stepwise multiple regression analysis. From this analysis in subjects aged 50~59 years fat intake only in subjects aged 60~69 years niacin intake Ca/P in total subjects fat riboflavin intake were signifiant independent predictors of BMD In the group of menopausal significant independent predictor of BMD This study suggests that dietary calcium is a major constituent affecting lumbar spin BMD in postmenopausal women whose menopausal period is over than 5 years.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.167-189
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the factors which are related to Bone Mineral Density(BMD) of female for prevention of osteoporosis. We measured the BMD of lumbar spine(L2-L4) and femoral neck in 4802 female, using dual energy X-ray absorptionmetry(DEXA; DPX-alpha. Lunar, U.S.A.). and then analysed the 9 factors-age group, body mass index(BMI), amount of smoking, drinking, exercise, sleep, and fast blood sugar-which are related to BMD of female. The following results were obtained : 1. In age group, T-score was the highest at 36－42(六七) years group in lumbar spine(L2-L4) and at 15－21(三七) years group in femoral neck. and then it was decreased rapidly after 43－49(七七) years group in both lumbar spine(L2-L4) and femoral neck. Therefore we concluded that T-score of female in lumbar spine(L2-L4) and femoral neck change according to age group in $\ll$Hwangjaenaekyong Somun; 黃帝內經 素問$\gg$. 2. In BMI, T-score of lumbar spine(L2-L4) and femoral neck were increased according to BMI increase. 3. In amount of drinking and smoking, T-score was highest in heavy groups(women who have drunk soju more than 4 bottles for a week) in both lumbar spine(L2-L4) and femoral neck. But there t was no significant difference in comparison according to age group. 4. In exercise, T-score was higher in exercising group than non exercising group. And it appeared that women who have taken proper exercise had higher T-score than women who have taken exercise daily. 5. T-score was higher in women who ordinarily sleep well in both lumbar spine(L2-L4) and femoral neck than sleep badly. And there was significant difference in 43-56 years group. 6. T-score was low in the group that exceed 110mg/dl in fast blood sugar. Conclusions : The age group in $\ll$Hwangjaenaekyong Somun; 黃帝內經 素問$\gg$ is related to BMD of women. And risk factors-BMI, exercise, sleep, fast blood sugar, thyroid disease-are related to BMD of women. Therefore we expect that this study will help for prevention of osteoporosis of women, and further study will be achieved.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.346-349
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• 2015

Objective : To investigate the value of lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) in fracture risk assessment (FRAX) tool. Methods : One hundred and ten patients aged over 60 years were enrolled and divided into 2 groups as non-osteoporotic vertebral fracture (OVF) and OVF groups. The 10-year-risk of major osteoporotic vertebral fracture of each group was calculated by FRAX tool with femoral and lumbar spine BMDs to compare the usefulness of lumbar spine BMD in prediction of OVF. The blood level of osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) as markers of activities of osteoblast and osteoclast, respectively were analyzed using the institutional database. Results : In the OVF group, the ratio of patients with previous fracture history or use of glucocorticoid was higher than those in non-OVF group (p=0.000 and 0.030, respectively). The levels of T-score of femur neck and lumbar spine in OVF group were significantly lower than those in non-OVF group (p=0.001 and 0.000, respectively). The risk of OVF in FRAX using femur BMD in non-OVF and OVF groups was $6.7{\pm}6.13$ and $11.4{\pm}10.06$, respectively (p=0.007). The risk of using lumbar BMD in the 2 groups was $6.9{\pm}8.91$ and $15.1{\pm}15.08$, respectively (p=0.002). The areas under the receiver operator characteristic curve in the FRAX risk with lumbar and femur neck BMD were 0.726 and 0.684, respectively. The comparison of osteocalcin and CTX was not significant (p=0.162 and 0.369, respectively). Conclusion : In our study, the 10-year risk of major osteoporotic fracture in the OVF group of our study was lower than the recommended threshold of intervention for osteoporosis. Hence, a lower threshold for the treatment of osteoporosis may be set for the Korean population to prevent OVF. In the prediction of symptomatic OVF, FRAX tool using lumbar spine BMD may be more useful than that using femur neck BMD.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.365-371
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• 2007

Recent studies suggest a possible pathogenic linkage between the osteoporosis and atherosclerosis. We investigated the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors, including high sensitivity C-reactive (hs-CRP), hs-CRP and bone metabolism in females. Anthropometric measurements were performed on 300 women, and cardiovascular risk factors, including fasting blood glucose, lipid profiles and hs-CRP. An atherogenic index was calculated using the serum total cholesterol level divided by the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. The lumbar spine bone mineral density was measured using dual X-ray abosorptiometry. By bivariate analysis, the lumbar spine BMD showed negative correlations with age, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The Age, BMI and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol showed significant correlations with the lumbar spine BMD. From linear regression analyses of all the study subjects, age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were found to be determinants of the lumbar spine BMD($R^2=0.272$).

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.408-416
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• 2001

Objectives : To evaluate the diagnostic value of quantitative ultrasound (QUS) in the prediction of osteoporosis as defined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in postmenopausal women. Methods : Questionnaires and height and weight measurements were used in the investigation of 176 postmenopausal women. QUS measurements were taken on the right calcaneus while bone mineral density (BMD) measurements of the lumbar spine and femoral neck were made with DEXA. The areas under the curves (AUC) of the speed of sound (SOS) for osteoporosis in the lumbar spine and femoral neck were obtained through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and evaluated. A comparison was made, for osteoporosis in the lumbar spine and femoral neck, between the AUCs of the logistic model with clinical risk factors and SOS. Results : Pearson's correlation coefficients of SOS and lumbar spine BMD, and of SOS and femoral neck BMD were 0.26 and 0.37. The AUC for the logistic model in its discrimination for lumbar spine osteoporosis was 0.764, and for SOS 0.605. The AUCs for the logistic model in its discrimination for femoral neck osteoporosis and for SOS were 0.890 and 0.892, respectively. Conclusions : These results suggest that the diagnostic value of QUS as a screening tool for osteoporosis is moderate for the femoral neck, but merely low for the lumbar spine and that the predictability provided by SOS is no better than that by the sole use of clinical risk factors in postmenopausal women.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.98-105
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare retrospectively the efficacy of anti-osteoporotic agents (RAL-Raloxifene 60 mg, ALD-weekly alendronate 70 mg, RSD-weekly risedronate 35 mg, AVD3-weekly alendronate 70 mg/vitamin $D_3$ 2800IU, IBD-quarterly IV ibandronate 3 mg/3 ml, ZLD-yearly IV zoledronate 5 mg/100 ml) in postmenopausal patients with osteoporosis or osteopenia. Method: This study retrospectively reviewed medical record and compared the lumbar spine BMD percentage changes of each medicine group one year later from the baseline. 209 patients (27, 50, 60, 30, 35, and 7 patients in RAL, ALD, RSD, AVD3, IBD, and ZLD groups, respectively) are within the inclusion criteria for the study. Results: From baseline to month 12, lumbar spine BMD increased significantly larger with bisphosphonate groups, compared to SERM (p < 0.05). In all bisphosphonate groups, the lumbar spine BMD were increased significantly from baseline. Of the bisphosphonates, the changes from baseline in BMD of IV bisphosphonates were more larger than those of oral bisphosphonates, and yearly, quarterly bisphosphonates yielded significantly greater BMD gains, compared with weekly bisphosphonate groups (p<0.05). In addition, patients receiving 70 mg weekly alendronate+vitamin D3 had greater gains in BMD than alendronate Single preparation (p<0.05). Conclusion: Bisphosphonates yielded significantly greater BMD gains than SERM. Of the bisphosphonates, the changes from baseline in BMD of yearly, quarterly IV bisphosphonates yielded significantly greater BMD gains, compared with weekly oral bisphosphonate groups. In addition, vitamin D3 plays an significant role in BMD gains.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.630-638
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• 2011

This study was performed to assess the relationships among bone mineral density, anthropometric measurements, maternal factors and exercise in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Anthropometric measurements were taken by a trained practitioner and the maternal factors of the 78 subjects in Gyeonggi-do were acquired by an interview questionnare. The BMD of the lumbar spine(L2~L4), femoral neck, Ward's triangles and trochanters were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The mean age of the premenopausal women was 45.23 years and that of the postmenopausal women whose ase of menopause was 49.37 years was 61.27 years. The age, waist and waist to hip ratio of postmenopausal women were significantly higher than those of premenopausal women. BMD of the lumbar spine(L2~L4) in postmenopausal women was significantly higher than that of premenopausal women. Number of children and age at last delivery were significantly higher in postmenopausal women than those in premenopausal women. The BMDs of the lumbar spine and femoral neck of premenopausal women was positively correlated with weight, body mass index, waist and WHR and the BMDs of these two sites in postmenopausal women were positively correlated with height, and weight. In postmenopausal women, BMD of the lumbar spine was negatively correlated with duration time after menopause and BMD of the femoral neck was positively correlated with age at last delivery. These results suggest that it is necessary to maintain adequate body weight. Health management and education about performing more exercise are recommended for postmenopausal women to prevent osteoporosis.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.177-186
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors associated with Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in Korean postmenopausal women. The data from 2008-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were used for data analysis. Subjects were 2,701 postmenopausal women aged ${\geq}50$ years. BMDs at whole body, total femur, femoral neck, and lumbar spine were measured by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Dietary data from 24-hour dietary recall and a food frequency questionnaire containing 63 food items were used. The proportions of osteopenia at total femur, femoral neck, and lumbar spine were 37.4%, 54.5%, and 45.4%, respectively. The proportions of osteoporosis at total femur, femoral neck, and lumbar spine were 6.2%, 25.6%, and 34.3%, respectively. Age, anthropometric index including height, weight, and Body Mass Index (BMI), parathyroid hormone, and physical activity were related to BMD, but the relationships were site specific. Total femur BMD was explained by age, weight, parathyroid hormone and intakes of carbohydrate and fruits. Femoral neck BMD was related to age, weight, parathyroid hormone and intakes of riboflavin and fruits. Lumbar spine BMD was associated with age, weight, milk and dairy products, calcium intake, and exercise. These results indicated that adequate intakes of milk and dairy products, fruits, carbohydrate, calcium, riboflavin and exercise as well as weight maintenance might play an important role in maintaining optimum bone health in Korean postmenopausal women.