• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 1999.11b
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• pp.204-208
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• 1999

Friction was measured on filter paper sheets impregnated with model compounds representing wood extractives using an apparatus based on the horizontal plane principle. The best lubrication of paper surfaces was achieved when they were completely separated by a densely packed film of saturated long-chain amphophilic molecules, such as fatty acids. The fatty acids adsorbed with their polar ends on the paper surface, causing their hydrocarbon chaine to be orientated perpendicularly to the paper surface. The saturated C18-acid, stearic acid, was an efficient lubricator for paper surfaces. The introduction of a double bond in stearic acid eliminated its lubricating ability. The spatial length of the lubricating fatty acid thereby decreases from 24${\AA}$ to 11${\AA}$. However the transisomer of oleic acid, elidic acid, had the ability to lower friction due to an increased spatial length of the fatty acid. Both the spatial length of the hydrocarbon chain and the number of lubricating chains may be of importance for the paper-to-paper friction caused by wood extractives. A hydrophilic head-graup in the wood extractive and an ordered molecular layer of lubricating molecules seems also to be prerequisites for efficient lubrication. A chemical weak boundary layer between the paper sheets was suggested to cause the low friction when long chain saturated fatty acids were deposited on paper.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2022

As meters become digital and smart, energy data such as electricity, gas, heat, and water can be accurately and efficiently measured with a smart meter, providing consumers with data on energy used, so that real-time demand response and energy management services can be utilized. Although it is developing from a simple metering system to a smart metering industry to create a high value-added industry fused with ICT, illegal counterfeiting of electronic meters is causing problems in intelligent crimes such as manipulation and hacking of SW. The meter not only allows forgery of the meter data through arbitrary manipulation of the SW, but also leaves a fatal error in the metering performance, so that the OIML requires the validation of the SW from the authorized institution. In order to solve this problem, a quantitative confirmation device was developed in order to eradicate the act of cheating the fuel oil quantity through encoder pulse operation and program modulation, etc. In order to prevent the act of deceiving the lubricator, a device capable of checking pulse forgery was developed, manufactured, and verified. In addition, the performance of the device was verified by conducting an experiment on the meter being used in the actual field. It is judged that the developed quantitative confirmation device can be applied to other flow meters other than lubricators, and in this case, accurate measurement can be induced.