• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.155-160
• /
• 1986

This study was conducted to purify and characterize further a potent cholesterol lowering material found in Sogi. The ethanol extract of Sogi was purified with acetone and ethanol, and a white powder was obtained. This material yielded t재 spots on a Silicagel thin layer chromatogram. The major material identified by M.P. measurement, elementary analysis and spectrography was considered to be gyrophoric acid. Beside this, minor components (orsellic and leccanolic acids ) were detected.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.33-44
• /
• 2006

Objectives : We performed this study in order to investigate the effects of Sedang-hwan(世糖丸) on the diabetes mellitus. Methods : We injected a vein with 65mg/kg of streptozotocin(STZ) on the rats. And then administered Sedang-hwan; 18.7mg/kg/day to sample groups and observed the weight and glucose level, insulin, C-peptide, triglyceride, albumin, T-protein, BUN(Blood Urea Nitrogen) and creatinine in blood. Results : 1. The sample groups showed a high suppressive effect of weight loss(P=0.002). 2. The sample groups' glucose level showed a effective in lowering level(P=0.001). 3. The sample groups showed a higher insulin level than control groups. 4. The sample groups showed a higher C-peptide level than control groups(P=0.001). 5. The sample groups' triglyceride level showed a effective in lowering level. 6. The sample groups showed a higher HDL-cholesterol level than control groups(P<0.001). 7. The sample groups showed a higher T-protein level than control groups(P=0.04). 8. The sample groups showed a higher albumin level than control groups(P<0.001). 9. The sample groups' creatinine level showed a effective in lowering level(P=0.04). 10. The sample groups' BUN level showed a effective in lowering level(P=0.03). Conclusions : Conclusively, Sedang-hwan was recognized to have decrease effect of serum glucose, triglyceride, creatinine, BUN of the diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin. It was suggested that Sedang-hwan can be used for effective diabetes mellitus medical treatment. It is also required to study further about detailed principles of blood-sugar dropping effect by Sedang-hwan, and recovery by diabetes mellitus.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.26 no.10
• /
• pp.1675-1686
• /
• 2016

We characterized the probiotic properties of Lactobacillus helveticus strains KII13 and KHI1 isolated from fermented cow milk by in vitro and in vivo studies. The strains exhibited tolerance to simulated orogastrointestinal condition, adherence to Caco-2 cells, and antimicrobial activity. Both L. helveticus strains produced bioactive tripeptides, isoleucylprolyl-proline and valyl-prolyl-proline, during fermentation of milk. KII13 showed higher in vitro cholesterol-lowering activity (47%) compared with KHI1 (28%) and L. helveticus ATCC 15009 (22%), and hence, it was selected for in vivo study of cholesterol-lowering activity in atherogenic diet-fed hypercholesterolemic mice. For the study, mice were divided into four groups (viz., normal diet control group, atherogenic diet control group (HCD), KII13-atherogenic diet group (HCD-KII13), and Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121-atherogenic diet group (HCD-L.ac) as positive control). The serum total cholesterol level was significantly decreased by 8.6% and 7.78% in the HCD-KII13 and HCD-L.ac groups (p < 0.05), respectively, compared with the HCD group. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in both HCD-KII13 and HCD-L.ac groups were decreased by 13% and 11%, respectively, compared with the HCD group (both, p < 0.05). Analysis of cholesterol metabolism-related gene expression in mice liver showed increased expression of LDLR and SREBF2 genes in mice fed with KII13. By comparing all the results, we conclude that L. helveticus KII13 could be used as a potential probiotic strain to produce antihypertensive peptides and reduce serum cholesterol.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.805-810
• /
• 2016

The dependence of drain induced barrier lowering(DIBL) is analyzed for doping concentration in channel of asymmetric double gate(DG) MOSFET. The DIBL, the important short channel effect, is described as lowering of source barrier height by drain voltage. The analytical potential distribution is derived from Poisson's equation to analyze the DIBL, and the DIBL is observed according to top/bottom gate oxide thickness and bottom gate voltage as well as channel doping concentration. As a results, the DIBL is significantly influenced by channel doping concentration. DIBL is significantly increased by doping concentration if channel length becomes under 25 nm. The deviation of DIBL is increasing with increase of oxide thickness. Top and bottom gate oxide thicknesses have relation of an inverse proportion to sustain constant DIBL regardless channel doping concentration. We also know the deviation of DIBL for doping concentration is changed according to bottom gate voltage.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.357-366
• /
• 2004

We studied the effect of propofol (PPF) on the endothelium-dependent vascular responses in isolated rat thoracic aorta. In aortic rings with endothelium, PPF inhibited the phenylephrine (PE)-induced contraction in a concentration-dependent manner. In PE-precontracted preparations, PPF attenuated the endothelium-dependent relaxation by acetylcholine but not by A23187. And PPF did not attenuate the endothelium-independent relaxation by sodium nitroprusside (SNP). The relaxation induced by acetylcholine in PE-precontracted aortic rings was significantly augmented by zaprinast, a cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and this augmentation was inhibited by PPF. Although SNP-induced relaxation was significantly augmented by zaprinast, this augmentation was not inhibited by PPF. In preparations preconstricted with PE, the PPF-induced relaxation was inhibited by atropine. In addition, PPF attenuated the vasorelaxation by phosphodiesterase inhibitors (IBMX, Ro20-1724 or zaprinast except milrinone). In vivo, the infusion of acetylcholine and SNP showed decreased arterial blood pressure in rats. The pre-injection of PPF inhibited the acetylcholine-induced blood pressure lowering, but not the SNP-induced blood pressure lowering. These results suggest that PPF can attenuate in part the acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation and blood pressure lowering through the inhibition of the acetylcholine receptor-mediated endothelium-derived relaxing factor by acting on endothelium. It is considered that the inhibitory effect of PPF on the vasorelaxation is due to the decreased level of cGMP which can be attributed to the inhibition of the muscarinic receptor and/or receptor-G-protein interaction.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.27 no.7
• /
• pp.806-810
• /
• 2004

Metformin is a biguanide antihyperglycemic agent often used for the treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetics (NIDDM). In this study, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metformin were investigated in Korean healthy volunteers during a fasting state for over 10 h. In order to evaluate the amount of glucose-lowering effect of metformin, the plasma concentrations of glucose were measured for a period of 10 h followed by the administration of metformin (oral 500 mg) or placebo. In addition, the concentration of metformin in blood samples was determined by HPLC assay for the drug. All volunteers were consumed with 12 g of white sugar 10 minutes after drug intake to maintain initial plasma glucose concentration. The time courses of the plasma concentration of metformin and the glucose-lowering effect were analyzed by nonlinear regression analysis. The estimated $C_{max}$, $T_{max}$, $CL_{t}$/F (apparent clearance), V/F(apparent volume of distribution), and half-life of metformin were 1.42$\{pm}$0.07 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL, 2.59$\{pm}$0.18h, 66.12$\{pm}$4.6 L/h, 26.63 L, and 1.54 h respectively. Since a significant counterclock-wise hysteresis was found for the metformin concentration in the plasma-effect relationship, indirect response model was used to evaluate pharmacodynamic parameters for metformin. The mean concentration at half-maximum inhibition $IC_{50}$, $k_{in}$, $k_{out}$ were 2.26 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL, 83.26 $H^{-1}$, and 0.68 $H^{-1}$, respectively. Therefore, the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model may be useful in the description for the relationship between plasma concentration of metformin and its glucose-lowering effect.

• Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.77-87
• /
• 2018

Lowering serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is the mainstay for reduction of risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the second most common cause of death in Korea. The 2015 Korean guidelines for management of dyslipidemia strongly recommend the use of statins in patients at risk of CVD. Statin therapy, which is the gold standard for CVD, reduces LDL-C level by 40% to 60% and is generally well tolerated. However, many patients are intolerant to statins and discontinue therapy or become nonadherent to therapy because of actual/perceived side effects. The most common of these side effects is the statin-associated muscle symptom (SAMS). Discontinuation and repetitive re-challenge with statins can help identify SAMS. If serum creatinine kinase level is more than 10 times the upper limit of normal, statin therapy must be stopped immediately, and the physician should identify possible causes including rhabdomyolysis and treat appropriately. In other patients, it might help to switch to a less potent statin or to use statins at intermittent non-daily dosing. To achieve target LDL-C level, non-statin lipid-lowering therapies such as dietary modifications, ezetimibe, and bile acid sequestrants may be added. Several new drugs have recently been approved for lowering LDL-C level. Alirocumab and evolocumab are monoclonal antibodies that inhibit proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, and both drugs cause large reductions in LDL-C, similar to statins. Lomitapide and mipomersen are orphan drugs used as adjuncts to other lipid-lowering therapies in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.267-276
• /
• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of phytosterol ester addition on lowering blood cholesterol in cholesterol-reduced Cheddar cheese. For cholesterol removal, separated cream was treated with 10% ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin at 800 rpm, then blended with remaining skim milk and homogenized with 1,000 psi at $70^{\circ}C$. Experimental cheeses were manufactured by five different levels of phytosterol addition. After the cholesterol reduction process by ;${\beta}$-cyclodextrin, the cholesterol removal rate was in the range of 91.0 to 92.1%. Amount of short-chain free fatty acid and free amino acids increased with an increase of phytosterol ester, and those were significantly different from that of control in all ripening periods. All rheological properties also increased with an increase of phytosterol ester during ripening period. In sensory analysis, the scores of rancid, bitterness Cheddar flavor and off-flavor intensities increased significantly, while texture was decreased during ripening in phytosterol ester-added groups. Total blood cholesterol was reduced by 18% when rats were fed Cheddar cheese treated with 8% phytosterol. The present study indicated that phytosterol ester addition resulted in a profound lowering effect of blood with cholesterol-reduced Cheddar cheese.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2011

The installation of a topside structure can be categorized into the following stages: start, pre-lifting, lifting, lifted, rotating, positioning, lowering, mating, and end of installation. The transfer of the module onto the floating spar hull occurs in the last three stages, from lowering to the end. The coupled multi-body motions are calculated in both calm water and in irregular waves with a significant wave height (1.52m). The effects of the hydrodynamic interactions between the heavy lifting vessel and the spar hull during the lowering and mating stages are considered. The internal forces caused by the load transfer and ballasting are derived for the mating phases. The results of the internal forces for the calm water condition are compared with those in the irregular sea condition. Although the effect of the pitch motion on the relative vertical motion between the deck of the floating structure and the topside module is significant in the mating phases, the internal force induced pitch motion is too small to have this influence. However, the effect of the internal force on the wave-induced heave responses in the mating phases is noticeable in the irregular sea condition because transfer mass-induced draught changes for the floating structure are observed to have higher amplitudes than the external force induced responses. The impacts of the module on the spar hull in the mating phase are investigated.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.277-288
• /
• 2005

The proliferation of the internet technologies and applications has intensified business activities on the Internet. This study considered the price competition between two shopping channels, one on-line seller and the other traditional off-line retailer. Based on the Hotelling's linear market model, we derive the Nash and Stackelberg equilibria as a function of the cost parameters which represent the characteristics of the online and off-line channels. By analyzing the equilibrium solutions, the following significant findings were obtained. First, pricing by Stackelberg equilibrium always outperformed that of Nash equilibrium. However the value of the cost parameters played a crucial role in determining both channels' preferred position (price leader or follower). Second, the online seller could benefit more in terms of profit by lowering its efficiency when its efficiency belongs to a certain interval. Third, when the online seller's efficiency is low, lowering its delivery cost has no contribution to its profit. To benefit more from lowering its delivery cost, increasing its channel efficiency to a certain level should be preceded.