• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.431-434
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• 2008

Effects of microstructure on the toughness of low carbon HSLA steels were investigated. Nickel decreased the ferrite-austenite transformation temperature, resulted in increase of the fraction of bainitic ferrite. However, it was decreased with increasing deformation amount at austenite region. Since fine austenite grains formed by dynamic recrystallization under large strain transformed to acicular ferrite or granular bainite rather than bainitic ferrite. The effective grain size, thus, was decreased by deformation and it resulted in lower ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT). The bainitic ferrite was thought to inhibit the fracture crack initiation and to delay the crack propagation by its high dislocation density and hard interlath $2^{nd}$ phase constituents, respectively. Thus, DBTT was also decreased by Ni addition in low carbon HSLA steels.

• 한국원자력학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국원자력학회 1997년도 춘계학술발표회논문집(2)
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• pp.17-22
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• 1997

ASME SA508 Class 3 원자로압력용기강을 대상으로, 용접열영향부(heat affected zone, HAZ)의 최고온도(peak temperature) 등온분포도(isothermal diagram)를 작성 및 해석하였고, 재현(simulated) 열영향부 시험편을 제작하여 미세조직검사 및 기계적특성 시험을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 최고온도 등온분포도를 이용하여, 미소열영향부(subzone of HAZ)의 미세조직(microstructure)에 미치는 예열(preheat)온도와 용접입열량(weld heat input)의 크기 효과를 예측할 수 있었다. 또한, 재현 HAZ 의 기계적특성 시험결과, 용접용융선(fusion line) + 1 mm 이내의 위치로 대표되는 열 cycle 조건에서는 모재보다 양호한 강도와 인성을 보였고, 용접용융선 + 2~3mm부근에서 가장 미세한 조직(fine tempered lower bainite)과 우수한 충격인성을 나타냈다. 한편, 용접용융선 + 약 5mm 위치에서의 열 cycle 을 재현한 시험편에서는 미세조직의 변화(spheroidization of carbides)와 함께 인성 및 기계적 특성이 저하하여 모재보다 낮은 값을 보이는 것을 발견할 수 있었다.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.286-291
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• 1997

Influence of Si contents on the mechanical properties and microstructure of austempered ductile iron was investigated. Four different Si contents between 2.0 and 2.9% were used. Austenitizing was performed at $890^{\circ}C$ for 2 hrs and austempering temperatures were both 340 and $380^{\circ}C$ for 0.5, 1, and 2 hrs. Nodule content was more than $300/mm^2$ and nodularity was more than 90%. Microstructure was revealed using nital and retained austenite was measured by x-ray diffractometer. Tensile test, no-notch Charpy impact test and wear test were performed. Tensile strength was improved as Si content increased and both elongation and impact toughness had peak at 2.6%Si. The specimen austempered at $380^{\circ}C$ showed lower tensile strength than that of $340^{\circ}C$, but showed higher elongation. However, austempering temperature of $380^{\circ}C$ was desirable because that of $340^{\circ}C$ was close to lower bainite transformation. As austempering time increased, tensile strength and elongation were improved and optimum condition was obtained for 2 hrs heat treatment.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.251-256
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• 2023

This study aims to examine the correlation between microstructures and the mechanical properties of two high-strength API X70 linepipe steels with different specimen directions and Moaddition. The microstructure of the Mo-added steel has an irregularly shaped AF, GB matrix with pearlite because of the relatively large deformation in the non-recrystallization temperature region, while that of the Mo-free steel shows a PF matrix with bainitic microstructure. In the Mo-added steel, the M/A (martensite-austenite) in granular bainite (GB) and pearlite act as crack initiation sites with decreased upper shelf energy and an increased ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT). Regardless of Mo addition, all of the steels demonstrate higher strength and lower elongation in the T direction than in the L direction because of the short dislocation glide path and ease of pile-up at grain boundaries. In addition, the impact test specimens with T-L direction had a lower impact absorbed energy and higher DBTT than those with the L-T direction because the former exhibit shorter unit crack path compared to the latter.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.96-106
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• 2013

In this study, the effect of laser source($CO_2$ and Nd:YAG) on the microstructure and tensile properties of laser welded Al-Si coated boron steel(1.2mmt) was investigated with before and after hot-stamping. In case of as welds condition, fracture occurred in base metal unrelated to the laser source. It could be explained that tensile strength of fusion zone composed of martensite and bainite is higher than that of base metal that contains a lot of ferrite despite dilution of Al and Si from coating layer to fusion zone. In case of hot-stamping condition, the fracture occurred in fusion zone irrelevant to laser source and the tensile strength was lower than hot stamped base metal. In the $CO_2$ laser welds, $Fe_3$(Al,Si) formed near the bond line was transformed into ferrite during hot-stamping. Therefore tensile strength of bond line is lower than that of base metal and center of fusion zone and the fracture occurred in the bond line. On the other hand, in the Nd:YAG laser welds, the higher concentration of Al formed the ferrite in the fusion zone during hot-stamping treatment. Also, the thickness of centerline was thinner than that of base metal. Therefore, it is considered that fracture occurred in centerline of fusion zone due to effect of concentration stress, and it leaded to a lower tensile strength and elongation.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.462-469
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• 2005

Single phase bainite structure which is obtained by the conventional austempering treatment reduces the ductility of ductile cast iron. Because of the reduction of ductility it is possible to worsen the fatigue properties. Therefore, semi austempered ductile iron which is treated from ${\alpha}+{\gamma}$ is prepared to investigate the static strength and fatigue properties in comparison with fully austempered ductile iron (is treated from ${\gamma}$). In spite of semi austempered ductile iron shows the $86{\%}$ increase of ductility. Also, semi austempered ductile iron shows the higher fatigue limit and lower fatigue crack growth rate as compared with fully austempered ductile iron. By the fractographical analysis, it is revealed that the ferrite obtained by semi austempering process brings about the plastic deformation(ductile striation) of crack tip and gives the prior path of crack propagation. The relatively low crack growth rate in semi austempered specimen is caused by above fractographical reasons.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2004년도 제5회 압연심포지엄 신 시장 개척을 위한 압연기술
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• pp.27-36
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• 2004

Contemporary objectives for steel rod rolling processing are increasingly complex and often contrasting i.e. obtaining a desired product with optimum combination of properties such as strength, toughness and formability at lower cost. Low-alloy steel rods have been produced with several heat treatments for drawing and forging processes at room temperature. In order to reduce these heat treatments much of the researches concerning of high temperature mechanical behavior of steel rods have been conducted at wire rod mill of POSCO. In this present work, optimizations of rolling temperature and cooling rate for JS-SCM435 are performed to eliminate softening heat treatment(Low Temperature Annealing) for drawing process. The results from the optimization changed the microstructure of rods after rod rolling from Bainite with high tensile strength of 1000Mpa to Pearlite and Ferrite with appropriate strength of 750Mpa that is equivalent tensile strength after softening heat treatment.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.17-26
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• 1989

This study has been performed to investigate into some effects of the Sursulf treatment time and the traveling speed of surface hardening treatment on the hardness and the wear characteristics by applying the combined heat treating techniques of Sursulf process followed by induction hardening treatment to mild steel. It has been shown that increasing the Sursulf treatment time increases the case depth, but both hardness and wear resistance are not considerably improved. When the combined heat treating technique of high frequency induction heating after Sursulf treatment is applied, an improvement in case depth as well as wear resistance is obtained. In particular, the hardness in diffusion zone is greatly increased due mainly to the formation of martensite and possibly lower bainite. Iron oxides formed during induction heating and subsequent water spray cooling in the outermost part of compound layer may be considered to cause some increases in hardness and wear resistance.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.27-32
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• 1989

The effect of quenchant temperature on the surface residual stress was studied for AISI 8620 steel. Specimens were carburized at $900^{\circ}C$ in all case type furnace using a gas-base atmosphere of methanol cracked and liquefied petroleum gas, and then subjected to single reheat quenchant in oil or salt bath in the temperature range of $60^{\circ}C$ to $300^{\circ}C$. After carburizing and reheat Quenching, residual stress was measured by the hole drilling method. Experimental results showed that the surface residual stress was increased as the quenchant temperature was raised. This is in contrast to the fact that the formation of phase of low transformation strain such as bainite results in lower surface compressive stress. The greater compressive stress observed in specimens Quenched at higher temperature may be attributed to the shifting of the transformation start point farther from the surface, as was reported in other carburizing steels.

• Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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• 제67권4호
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• pp.1487-1490
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• 2022

In this study, the effect of the coiling temperature on the tensile properties of API X70 linepipe steel plates is investigated in terms of the microstructure and related anisotropy. Two coiling temperatures are selected to control the microstructure and tensile properties. The API X70 linepipe steels consist mostly of ferritic microstructures such as polygonal ferrite, acicular ferrite, granular bainite, and pearlite irrespective of the coiling temperature. In order to evaluate the anisotropy in the tensile properties, tensile tests in various directions, in this case 0° (rolling direction), 30°, 45° (diagonal direction), 60°, and 90° (transverse direction) are conducted. As the higher coiling temperature, the larger amount of pearlite is formed, resulting in higher strength and better deformability. The steel has higher ductility and lower strength in the rolling direction than in the transverse direction due to the development of γ-fiber, particularly the {111}<112> texture.