• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.63-73
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• 2015

This study was carried out to evaluate the change of heating value of cow manure by applying pre-treatment process. Three types of treatment precess; Composting, Dry anaerobic digestion and Physical compression were applied as a pre-treatment method. Composting and anaerobic digestion of cow manure were cause of caloric value reduction of the cow manure. The heating value of cured compost was 5% lower than that of initial composting material. The heating value of dry anaerobic digestion residue was 25.7% lower than that of fresh cow manure. By physical compression of cow manure, heating value and VS/TS ratio (Volatile solids/Total solids ratio) of compressed cow manure were higher than that of fresh cow manure. On the other hand, heating value and VS/TS ratio of leachate generated by compression process were lower than those of fresh cow manure.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of wa-song (Orostachys japonicus A. Berger) extracts on the oxidative stability of edible oil. Wa-song was dried from hot air (HWE) and freeze (FWE), and then they were extracted by hot water. The different levels (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g/100 mL) of HWE and FWE were added to soybean oil and lard. The chromaticity of edible oils was generally increased with prolonged heating time and HWE was higher than FWE. The anisidine value showed significant increase during heating for 48hrs. After heating for 48 hrs, it was lower than control, except for HWE added sample of 0.5 and 1.0 g/100 mL, FWE added sample of 1.0 g/100 mL. In lard, it was lower in sample added wa-song extract than control. The acid value was not significant by added amount of wa-song. Its value in HWE added sample was lower than FWE, after heating for 48 hrs. POV was lower HWE than FWE, also. After heating for 24 hrs, TBA values in soybean oil containing HWE and FWE added sample was lower than control. In lard, its value in HWE and FWE added sample was lower than control during heating for $12{sim}48\;hrs$. Therefore, those results suggested that HWE has higher antioxidant activity than FWE added sample, and then oxidative stability of HWE in edible oil was more potential for lard during its heating.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.167-171
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• 2009

We conducted performance test of a 350 kW class wood pellet boiler installed at a dormitory whose total area is $1,354\;m^2$. The maximum heating capacity of the boiler is 350 kW(300,000 kcal/kg). The wood pellet boiler consists of 3 parts; boiler, hot water storage tank and wood pellet storage tank. In testing the boiler, we shut off hot water utility supply and open up floor heating water system in order to measure exact value of the heating output of the wood pellet boiler. To determine the efficiency and heating output of the wood pellet boiler, we measured mass flow rate of wood pellet, the lower heating value(LHV) of the wood pellet, mass flow rate and temperature of water for floor heating and so on. We measured the mass flow rate of fuel, wood pellet with respect to rotational speed of auger, wood pellet feeding screw. We also measured the flue gas concentration of the wood pellet boiler by using a gas analyser. The result shows that the efficiency of the wood pellet boiler is 80.6% based on lower heating value at 124 kW of heating output. At this condition, O2 concentration of the flue gas is 6.0%, CO and NOx concentrations are 85 and 102 ppm.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.890-896
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• 2016

Paulownia tomentosa is one of fast-growing wood species in Korea. In order to evaluate the solid bioenergy properties of Paulownia tree, this study examined the heating value, moisture content (MC), pH and proximate analysis of stem, branch, root, bark and leaf. The heating values of wood parts were slightly higher than those of bark and leaf, and that of branch was the highest among all the samples. The higher moisture content of bark and leaf referred to their lower heating value. Also, the pH of stem, branch and root was similar and lower than those of bark and leaf. The ash content of bark and leaf was much higher than that of wood parts, which is the one of the reasons for effect on the lower heating value and higher pH. While, the volatile matter content (VMC) of bark and leaf was lower than those of wood parts. The bark showed the highest fixed carbon content (FCC), while the FCC of stem was the lowest among all the samples. The obtained results are encouraging that the Paulownia tree could be totally utilized as alternative fuels for bioenergy production.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.73-79
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• 2018

In this study, a torrefaction unit with a capacity of 50 kg/hr was developed and experimented to produce of solid fuel by reuse of the food and agricultural wastes. Dried food wastes and agricultural wastes were used for the experiments and the heated-air torrefaction characteristics were investigated by the raw materials, torrefaction air temperature, and torrefaction time. For the dried agricultural wastes, measured torrefaction capacity and lower heating values were 55.35 kg/hr and 3,333 kcal/kg, respectively. As the lower heating values of the treated samples were greater, by around 7.8%, than those of the non-treated samples, torrefaction process was a very effective method to increase the heating value of the agricultural waste. In case of the dried food waste, torrefaction capacity and lower heating value was measured 88.27 kg/hr and 4,016 kcal/kg, respectively. As the lower heating value of treated ones showed around 9.0% higher than that of non treated ones, torrefaction process is very effective method to increase the heating value of the agricultural waste also. It will be assumed that the heating value shows more higher as increase the air temperature and decrease the moisture content of torrified matter.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2018

The energy recovery rate estimation method proposed through the Waste Control Act does not take into account the energy used in practice. In addition, the method for measuring a lower heating value, which is the main factor of the energy recovery rate, was carried out through a small sampling amount, and thus the representative value of the waste was not reflected. With the revised estimation method (Notification No. 2015-215 of the Ministry of Environment), the energy recovery rate should be estimated based on the actual amount of energy used, and a heat balance method was proposed as a way to estimate the lower heating value. In this study, the lower heating value was estimated for seven industrial waste incineration facilities according to the revised estimation method. All data used in the estimations were achieved from measurement instruments applied to each of the incinerators and through direct measurements taken by the operators for the purposes of calculation. As a result, the lower heating value was estimated to be about 3,404.7 kcal/kg for the seven industrial waste incineration facilities.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.544-550
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• 2015

In order to determine the material characteristics of pork rinds according to the breeds, the chemical composition, color, pH, collagen contents, shear force, fatty acid and amino acid contents of pork rinds were investigated. White pork rinds (WPR) and black pork rinds (BPR) were evaluated before and after heating to compare the differences between breeds and the effects of heating treatment. In the chemical composition test, the respective moisture contents for WPR and BPR before heating were 49.90% and 53.75% but increased to 60.75% and 61.09% after heating. The test for crude protein and crude fat contents showed lower values after heating but WPR was higher than BPR. In the color test, the L value decreased rapidly with heating, dropping from 68.75 to 45.11 in WPR and from 67.22 to 49.64 in BPR. WPR had a higher L value and a lower a value than BPR before heating but had a higher L value and a lower a value than WPR after heating. pH was significantly higher in WPR than BPR regardless of heating (p<0.05). The collagen content for WPR and BPR was 10.38 g/100 g and 11.54 g/100 g but increased to 12.00 g/100 g in WPR and decreased to 11.40 g/100 g in BPR after heating. The shear force of 26.14 kgf in WPR was significantly higher than 12.89 kgf in BPR before heating (p<0.05), but the values decreased significantly after heating in both WPR and BPR. Linoleic acid in WPR was 17.29%, which was higher than 15.13% in BPR. The USFA for BPR was also higher than WPR. In amino acid composition, the EAA contents in WPR was 7,190 mg%, which was higher than 5,520 mg% in BPR.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.184-192
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• 2010

PEM fuel cell produces electric power, water and heat by the electrochemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen. The heating value is dependent on the molar enthalpy of vaporization of product water and the performance loss. In this paper, the heating value of fuel cell stack has been studied under various stack operating temperatures to achieve more efficient heat management. A technology using the molar enthalpy of vaporization of product water is suggested to reduce heat-up time during start-up of a fuel cell vehicle.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1181-1187
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• 2009

Results for application of RDF(Refuse Derived Fuel) to selected wastes in metropolitan and small and medium cities are as follows. The physical characteristics of waste are paper, plastic, food waste, and so on. The proximate analysis in P city showed 20.2% of moisture, 71% of combustible material, and 8.8% of ash on annual average. That in G city showed 31.6% of moisture, 59.5% of combustible material, and 8.9% of ash. Ultimate analysis in P city showed 52.04% of carbon, 7.02% of hydrogen, 28.80% of oxygen, 0.66% of nitrogen, and 0.09% of sulfur. Heating value was 3,363 kcal/kg. Ultimate analysis in G city showed 50.85% of carbon, 6.56% of hydrogen, 29.86% of oxygen, 0.79% of nitrogen, and 0.12% of sulfur. Heating value in the G city was somewhat lower than that in the P city with 2,632 kcal/kg. Thus, application of RDF in metropolitan city was more effective than that in small and medium cities. Heating value in mixture for the P city was lower than that in waste of the volume rate waste charge system alone by 143 kcal/kg. In proximate analysis, moisture, and combustible material were likely to be more adequate to RDF.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.29-34
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• 1995

This study was on the characteristics and heating values analysis of municipal solid wastes according to the volume- rate garbage collection system in Busan. Each waste sample was analyzed to obtain physical composition, proximate analysis, heating value, chemical composition. And the heating value were compared with those of the past waste collection system. The average physical composition of A.P.T. area was food waste 54.0~65.7% , while that of common residence was food waste 57.9~61.2% . The density of solid waste were largely different for site and the highest densities of waste was $399.6kg/m^{3}$ from Market. The low heating value of waste from residence site was 996.9kca1/kg~1, 238.1 kcal/kg which was lower than 1, 000kcal/kg~1, 800kca1/kg of the past wastes. These difference was mainly due to the difference of moisture content and the amount of vegetables.