• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.1009-1010
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• 2010

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1207-1212
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) according to frequency and intensity on postural sway distance and velocity. TENS was applied to posterior aspect of the dominant leg with postural sway during one leg stance. Twenty-four healthy participants were measured while standing on a force platform with 5 different stimulation dosages of no TENS, high frequency and high intensity, high frequency and low intensity, low frequency and high intensity, low frequency and low intensity applied in 30 seconds. The five different dosages were performed with vision in random order. The results indicated that TENS dosage in the high frequency and low intensity had a significant decrease in postural sway(p<.05). From these results, we concluded that TENS delivered a high frequency and low intensity enhanced the postural sway in healthy adults. We expect that the postural sway of patients with decreased balance will reduce by application of TENS.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.427-432
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• 2016

Objective: The goal of this study was to systematically investigate the postural stability of dancers by providing unexpected perturbations. Method: Six female dancers and college students participated in this study. Unpredictable wait-pull balance perturbations in the anterior direction were provided to the participants during standing. Three different perturbation intensities (low, moderate, and high intensity) were used by increasing perturbation forces. Spatial and temporal stability of postural control were measured by using margin of stability (MoS) and time to contact (TtC), respectively. Results: Both MoS and TtC at moderate intensity were significantly greater in the dancer group than in the control group, but no significant differences were found at low and high intensities between the groups. Conclusion: The present study showed spatial and temporal stability of dynamic postural control in dancers. We found that the dancers were more spatially and temporally stable than the ordinary participants in response to unexpected external perturbation when the perturbation intensity was moderate at two extreme intensity levels (low and high).

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.12
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• pp.99-119
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• 2003

A model is proposed for the role of emotional intensity of a web site, and the moderating influence of product involvement, in the Integrative Framework of persuasion (Meyers-Levy and Malvaiya 1999). The model also appropriately operationalizes the constructs emotional intensity of a web site and product involvement The three routes to persuasion, Central, Peripheral, and Experiential correspond to high, moderate, and low involvement (Meyers-Levy and Malaviya 1999). The involvement construct is measured from message recipients using the Personal Product Inventory (Pill, which was developed to capture the concept of product involvement (Zaichkowsky 1985). The conceptualization of the Personal Product Inventory is a contextrree measure that also has robust psychometric properties when applied to advertisements (Zaichkowsky 1994). The propositions highlight the expected importance of emotional intensity of a web site. The moderating influence of product involvement is also proposed. Specifically, what this work proposes is that the emotional intensity of a product site has a larger impact on attitude change under low product involvement, as opposed to moderate product involvement. Support for this reasoning can be found in the persuasion literature (Petty et al 1986). The Petty et al (1986) frame work is a dual process descriptive and predictive frame work in the area of altitude formation and change. Recently, Myers Levy and Malaviya (1999) have proposed a tri-process framework. This is in tum based on the dual process model of Petty et al. (1986). The study outlined in this paper aims to deepen the Meyers Levy and Malaviya (1999) and frame work. The propositions outlined in the model are empirically tested using a repeated measures experimental design. The emotional intensity is measured using a scale that is based on experts judgments. Using a paired comparison t-test two sites are determined to be of high and low emotional intensity. The model is tested using a repeated measures experimental design. The first independent variable Emotional Intensity of the site is manipulated. The Second independent variable, Personal Product Inventory is measured. While, the dependent variable, product altitude change will also be measured. Utilizing Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) the data is analyzed using SPSS. The results suggest that besides the rational content of messages their emotional content can also influence attitude change. Specifically, it is proposed that the manipulation of emotional intensity of a product Web site has a greater impact on product altitudes under high and low product involvement conditions, rather than moderate product involvement. However, the results for product involvement as a continuous variable has a p value of 0.09. Further, the results for three levels of product involvement were far from significant. For two levels of product involvement also, the results were insignificant, the p value approached 0.20. This evidence indicates that it is premature to conclude that there are three routes to persuasion. A caveat, however, must be added, in that the manipulations may not have been strong enough to test the proposed hypotheses. Further, undoubtedly, there is unequivocal evidence the emotional intensity of a product Web site, as measured here, has a direct impact on product attitudes.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.4676-4685
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• 2012

We investigated to compare the effects of a low intensity eccentric exercise and dynamic stretching on symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). The eighteen women who had not participated in a regular exercise programme for the lower extremities in the previous five months were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: control group, a low intensity eccentric exercise group and dynamic stretching group. We measured the joint range of motion (ROM), maximal voluntary isometric exercise (MVIC), muscle soreness rating scale and ultrasound image measurement before eccentric exercise inducing DOMS, and 24, 48, and 72 hours after an eccentric exercise inducing DOMS. The exercise programme in a low intensity eccentric exercise group and dynamic stretching group were respectively performed 3 times a week for 4 weeks before eccentric exercise inducing DOMS. There was significantly different between the groups in muscle soreness rating scale and MVIC (p<.05). However, there was not significantly different between groups in ultrasound image measurement and ROM (p<.05). These results suggest that a low intensity eccentric exercise group and dynamic stretching group effectively reduced muscle soreness rating scale out of the symptoms of DOMS. A low intensity eccentric exercise group may be an effective improvement than dynamic stretching group in muscle soreness rating scale.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.71-85
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of periodic low-intensity exercise during hindlimb suspension on the mass, relative weight, myofibrillar protein content in soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius muscles. To examine the effectiveness of periodic low-intensity exercise on mass, and myofibrillar protein content of hindlimb muscles, adult female Wistar rats were suspended(HS) and half of these rats walked on a treadmill for 45min/day(15 min every 4h) at 5m/min and a $15^{\circ}$ grade(HS-EX). Soleus wet weight was 33.51% significantly smaller(p<0.005) and relative soleus weight of hindlimb suspended rats was 31.96% smaller(p<0.005) compared with those of control rats following seven days of hindlimb suspension. Plantaris wet weight was 7.5% smaller(p<0.01) and relative plantaris weight was 11.83% smaller(p<0.05) compared with those of control rats following seven days of hindlimb suspension. Gastrocnemius wet weight was 11.31% significantly smaller(p<0.005) and relative gastrocnemius weight was 17.13% significantly smaller(p<0.005) compared with those of control rats following seven days of hindlimb suspension. Soleus wet weight while increased by relative soleus weight increased by 25.13%, 27.59% each through periodic low intensity exercise during hindlimb suspension(p<0.05, p<0.05). Plantaris wet weight and relative plantaris weight increased by 1.04%, 10.98%(p<0.05) each, and gastrocnemius wet weight and relative gastrocnemius weight increased by 1.98%, 12.02%(p<0.05) each through periodic low intensity exercise during hindlimb suspension. Wet weight of soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius in HS-EX rats did not recover to control level. Myofibrillar protein content of soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius was 48.24%, 40.85% and 37.33% significantly smaller(p<0.005) respectively compared with those of control rats following seven days of hindlimb suspension. Myofibrillar protein content of soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius increased by 40.68%, 25.07% and 17.93%(p<0.005) each through periodic low intensity exercise during hindlimb suspension. Myofibrillar protein content of soleus, plantaris, and gastrocnemius in HS-EX rats did not recover to control level. The results suggest that periodic low intensity exercise can attenuate hindlimb muscle atrophy induced by hindlimb suspension.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.126-137
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• 2003

The feasibility study of UV-disinfection system was performed for disinfection of effluent from wastewater treatment plant. Three low-pressure UV lamps of 17, 25, and 41 W were examined with various flow rates. Low-pressure UV lamps of 17W were examined with various turbidity, DOM (dissolved organic matter), and SS (suspended solid). The pilot plant was a flow-through type UV-disinfection system, and the range of exposure time varied from 5 to 40 seconds, turbidity from 0 to 40 NTU, DOM from 0 to 30 mg/L, and SS from 10 to 40 mg/L. The 41W lamp demonstrated complete disinfection showing no survival ratio in all the experimental conditions, and generally 17W and 25W lamps also showed high removal ratio over 97%. For the same UV dose (UV intensity times exposure time), high intensity-short exposure conditions showed better disinfection efficiency than low intensity-long exposure conditions. While the effects of turbidity and DOM were not apparent, the effects of SS was significant on the disinfection efficiency which indicates that SS control before UV-disinfection appears to be necessary to increase removal efficiency. Considering characteristics of effluent from existing wastewater treatment plants, cost-effectiveness, stable performance, and minimum maintenance, the flow-through type UV-disinfection system with high intensity and low-pressure lamps was thought to be a competitive disinfection system for wastewater reclamation.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.63-70
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• 2003

Purpose: To describe the MRI findings of the retrodiskal tissue in patients presenting with TMJ internal derangement and to correlate these findings with clinical and other MRI manifestations. Materials and Methods: One hundred eighteen joints of 63 patients with TMJ internal derangement were examined by MRI. Tl-weighted sagittal MR images taken in both closed- and open-mouth were evaluated for the presence of demarcation between disk and retrodiskal tissue, the presence of low signal intensity, and the depiction of the temporal part of the posterior attachment. The results were correlated with the duration of TMJ internal derangement, the presence of pain, and other MRI findings, including the type of internal derangement, the extent of disk displacement, the degree of disc deformation, and the presence of osteoarthrosis. Results: A significant relationship between the presence of low signal intensity in the retrodiskal tissue and other MRI findings was determined. Low signal intensity on the open-mouth view was observed more frequently in patients with disc displacement without reduction, severe disc displacement and deformation, and osteoarthrosis (p<0.05). The demarcation between disk and retrodiskal tissue, and the depiction of the temporal part of the posterior attachment(TPA) were correlated neither with clinical, nor with other MRI findings. Conclusion: This study suggests that low signal intensity in the retrodiskal tissue on open-mouth MR image can be indicative of advanced stages of disk displacement.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.203-214
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• 2022

Purpose: We investigated the effects of multimodal vs. stabilization exercises on chronic low back pain. Methods: Study participants were randomly assigned to a multimodal exercise (n = 20) or a stabilization exercise group (n = 20). Participants in the multimodal exercise group performed stabilization, stretching, and endurance exercises, whereas those in the stabilization exercise group performed only stabilization exercises. Participants in both groups performed the exercises for 1 hour thrice a week for 5 weeks. The following outcomes were evaluated: pain intensity (numeric rating scale), disability (the Oswestry Disability Index [ODI] and the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire [RMDQ]), pain-induced fear (the Fear of Daily Activities Questionnaire [FDAQ], the Fear-Avoidance Belief Questionnaire [FABQ], and the Tampa scale for kinesiophobia-11 [TSK-11]). Outcome measures were evaluated at baseline and after intervention. Results: Significant post-intervention improvement was observed in pain intensity and the RMDQ and FDAQ scores in both groups (p < 0.01). The post-intervention ODI, FABQ, and TSK-11 scores were improved in the multimodal exercise group (p < 0.01). Additionally, significant differences were observed in pain intensity, as well as in the ODI, FDAQ, and FABQ scores in the multimodal exercise group compared with these findings in the stabilization exercise group (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The multimodal and stabilization exercise programs reduced pain intensity, disability, and pain-induced fear. Compared with stabilization exercises, multimodal exercises more effectively reduced pain intensity, disability, and pain-induced fear. This study highlights that musculoskeletal rehabilitation for people with chronic low back pain should include a multimodal exercise program.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.427-436
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to analyze the concurrent treatment effects of ursolic acid (UA) and low-intensity treadmill exercise and to confirm the effectiveness of UA as an exercise mimetic to safely improve muscle atrophy-related diseases using Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with skeletal muscle atrophy. Significant muscle atrophy was induced in male SD rats through hind limb immobilization using casting for 10 days. The muscle atrophy-induced SD rats were group into four: SED, sedentary; UA, daily intraperitoneal UA injection, 5 mg/kg; EX, low-intensity (10-12 m/min, $0^{\circ}$ grade) treadmill exercise; and UEX, daily intraperitoneal UA injection, 5 mg/kg, and low-intensity (10-12 m/min, $0^{\circ}$ grade) treadmill exercise. After 8 weeks of treatment, endurance capacity was analyzed using a treadmill, and tissues were extracted for analysis of visceral fat mass, body weight, muscle mass, expression of muscle atrophy- and hypertrophy-related genes, and endurance capacity. Although the effects of body weight gain control, muscle mass increase, and endurance capacity improvement were inadequate in the UA group, significant results were confirmed in the UEX group. The UEX group had significantly reduced body weight and visceral fat, significantly improved mass of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles, and significantly decreased atrophy-related gene expression of MuRF1 and atrogin-1, but did not have significant change in hypertrophy-related gene expression of Akt and mTOR. The endurance capacity was significantly improved in the EX and UEX groups. These data suggest that concurrent treatment with low-intensity exercise and UA is effective for atrophy-related physical dysfunctions.