• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2003

This study was conducted to select the promising varieties of white clover (va.) California Ladino, Seminole, Sonja, Milo, Rinendel, Alberta and Sona at Daekwanryong branch(altitude 800m a.s.l.) and Namwon branch(altitude 450m a.s.l.) of National Livestock Research Institute. Leaf color of white clover was light green except for Ladino and Seminole, and leaf width was broad in others except for both varieties. Winter hardness of Seminole was the greatest with 85.2%. In Daekwanryong, dry matter yield of white clover was the highest with 5,251kg/ha in Milo of all varieties. Also, dry matter yield of Ladino was the hightest with 9,405kg in Namwon. In Daekwanryong and Namwon, ADF content of Ladino was the lowest with 24.3% and 42.7%, respectively. Also, NDF content of Sonja, Ladino and Rinendel was low when those compared with other varieties. Crude protein content of Seminole in Daekwanryong and Rinendel in Namwon was the highest with 22.2% and 28.4%, respectively. The results of this study indicated that Milo and California Ladino would be the promising varieties of white clover in Daekwanryong and in Namwon. respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.725-740
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• 2003

The National Land Planning and Use Law Act at the beginning of 2002, introduced Land Suitability Assessment System(LSAS) in order to mitigate conflicts between development and conservation needs for land. LSAS is to assess land characteristics according to its physical, locational, and environmental characteristics, and then to classify it into several categories based on its usability. This study aims to review the factors to determine the suitability of the land and their weights. Land suitability is determined by a variety of factors, such as land-surface slope and altitude, the type of land use in neighboring areas, accessibility to public facilities and existing developed areas, and ecological characteristics of the land. This article analyzed these factors and their influences by using the Delphi survey and Analytic Hierarchical Process. One of the most influential factors on the development suitability of land is the distance to developed areas and public facilities. On the other hand, the slope and altitude of the land have comparatively low influences on the land development. The coverage of prime cultivating land of the neighbouring region and slope of the land are analyzed as important factors on the agricultural suitability of the land. The ecological features and the ratio of conservation area in the neighbourhood are counted as the most important factors in determining the land for conservation. This article tested these factors and their weights in assessing land suitability of land as a case study.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2012

The diurnal variation in pollen vertical distributions in the atmosphere was observed by a surface-based lidar remote sensing technique. Aerosol extinction coefficient and depolarization ratio at 532 nm were obtained from lidar measurements in spring ($4^{th}$ May - $2^{nd}$ June) 2009 at Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST) located in Gwangju, Korea ($35.15^{\circ}E$, $126.53^{\circ}N$). Unusual variations of depolarization ratio were observed for six days from $4^{th}$ to $9^{th}$ May. Depolarization ratios varied from 0.08 to 0.14 were detected at the low altitude in the morning. The altitude with those high depolarization ratios was increased up to 1.5 - 2.0 km at the time interval between 12:00 and 14:00 LT and then decreased. The temporal variations in high values of depolarization ratios from lidar measurements show good agreement in patterns with the sampled pollen concentrations measured using the Burkard trap sampler. This study demonstrates that the pollen distribution data obtained by lidar measurements can be a useful tool for investigating spatial and temporal characteristic of pollen particles.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.689-697
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• 2005

Hydrogen peroxide is a reservoir of OH radical which is the powerful oxidant in the atmosphere. Therefore, the status of the oxidizing atmosphere could be reflected on the concentration of $H_{2}O_{2}$. In this study, the distribution of $H_{2}O_{2}$ was determined during the intensive aircraft measurements over the Yellow sea in March, December 2002, April, November 2003 and March, October 2004. Flights covered from $124^{circ}E\;to\;129^{circ}E\;and\;35^{circ}N\;to\;37^{circ}N$, and extending to 3,000 m. The flight patterns were set properly to assess the altitudinal and longitudinal distribution for $H_{2}O_{2}$. $H_{2}O_{2}$ was extracted onto aqueous solution using a continuously flowing glass coil and analyzed by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) accompanied with a fluorescence detector using postcolumn enzyme derivatization. Mixing ratios of $O_{3},\;NO_{x}\;and\;SO_{2}$ were measured in real time by commercial analysis instruments. Along the heights, the maximum concentration of $H_{2}O_{2}$ appeared around 1,500 m then gradually decreased with increasing altitude. The vertical behavior of ozone showed the similar trend to $H_{2}O_{2}$. The mean mixing ratio of $NO_{x}$ was about 2 ppbv and not showed clear vertical distribution patterns. The mean value of was the same as $NO_{x}$ however $SO_{2}$ appeared extreme concentration in low altitude. $H_{2}O_{2}\;and\;O_{3}$ showed even longitudinal distribution however $NO_{x}$ mixing ratio in land ($127^{circ}E$) was much higher than over the sea. $SO_{2}$ rather decreased with increasing longitude. $H_{2}O_{2}$ was in inverse proportion to $NO_{x}$ in spring and summer and $SO_{2}$ in spring, which indicated its significant role to NO and $SO_{2}$ oxidation pathways.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.64-68
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• 1978

Thirty nine clones of ${\times}$Populus alba glandulosa were selected tentatively and planted in Hwasung in Kyunggi-do, Jinju in Kyungnam-do, Myongju in Kangweon-do. Height measurements after tree growing seasons, indicated significant differences between clones and locations. Interaction between clones and locations were not significant statistically. Among 39 clones, 65-29-19, 65-11-106, 67-47-10, 66-14-149, 64-6-44 were best performing clones. Height measurements in Hwasung Kyunggi, and Jinju Kyungnam were 3.83m, 4.02m respectively, while that in Myongju Kangweon was only 1.06m. Myongju plantation in Kangweon-do is located in altitude of 800m and its average annual temperature was $6.2^{\circ}C$. Retarded growth in this plantation is caused high altitude and low temperature of the plantation which resulted from nearly three monthes shorter growing period than two other plantations. It is also recommended that straightness of stem, branching, wood quality and insect and disease-resistance have to be considered as selection criteria along with growth performance.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2014

This study estimates geomorphological processes of fluvial terraces by uplifts and bedrock features, by the analyses of topography, distribution, formation age and incision rate of fluvial terraces using Gwang-cheon River in Uljin, Namdae-cheon River in Pyeonghae and Osip-cheon River in Yeongdeok located in the southern Taebaek Mountain Range. The tectonic and climatic terraces I in the upper reaches of Gwang-cheon River with an altitude from riverbed of 9~12m indicate the formation age of MIS 2 with a incision rate of 0.40m/ka. However, the tectonic and climatic terraces I in the upper reaches of Osip-cheon River with an altitude from riverbed of 7~10m show the formation age of MIS 3 with an incision rate of 0.10m/ka. These results suggest that the uplift rate in the Gwang-cheon River basin is likely to be higher than that in the Osip-cheon River basin. Unlike the lower reaches of Osip-cheon River, the thalassostatic terraces are not found in the lower reaches of Gwang-cheon River, because the basin has low maintainable ability of landforms in river valley due to high uplift rate and bedrock properties resistant to weathering and erosion. On the other hand, the lowest tectonic and climatic terraces in the study areas indicate different formative ages and the terraces during the cooling stage in interglacial as well as during interstadial are also found. Therefore, this study suggests that chronological method for fluvial terrace by the previous developmental model of climatic terrace should be reconsidered.

• Atmosphere
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.387-400
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• 2016

In this study, the atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations estimated by CT2013B, a recent version of CarbonTracker, are compared with $CO_2$ measurements from the Comprehensive Observation Network for Trace gases by Airliner (CONTRAIL) project during 2010-2011. CarbonTracker is an inversion system that estimates surface $CO_2$ fluxes using atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations. Overall, the model results represented the atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations well with a slight overestimation compared to observations. In the case of horizontal distribution, variations in the model and observation difference were large in northern Eurasia because most of the model and data mismatch were located in the stratosphere where the model could not represent $CO_2$ variations well enough due to low model resolution at high altitude and existing phase shift from the troposphere. In addition, the model and observation difference became larger in boreal summer. Despite relatively large differences at high latitudes and in boreal summer, overall, the modeled $CO_2$ concentrations fitted well to observations. Vertical profiles of modeled and observed $CO_2$ concentrations showed that the model overestimates the observations at all altitudes, showing nearly constant differences, which implies that the surface $CO_2$ concentration is transported well vertically in the transport model. At Narita, overall differences were small, although the correlation between modeled and observed $CO_2$ concentrations decreased at higher altitude, showing relatively large differences above 225 hPa. The vertical profiles at Moscow and Delhi located on land and at Hawaii on the ocean showed that the model is less accurate on land than on the ocean due to various effects (e.g., biospheric effect) on land compared to the homogeneous ocean surface.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.54-67
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• 1991

To investigate the structure of the plant community of Daewon valley forest in Mt. Chiri, eighty-nine plots were set up by the dumped sampling method. The classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination were applied to the study area in order to classify item into several groups based on woody plants and environmental variables. The classification had been successfully overlayed on an ordination of the same data using DCA. The plots can be classified into five groups by TWINSPAN and DCA. There are Pinus densiflora community. Quercus variabilis-Q. serrata community. Carpinus laxiflora community. Q. monogolica community and Cornus controversa-Q. mongolica community. The successional trends of tree species by both techniques seem to be from P. densiflora through Q. variabilis, Q. serrata to C. laxiflora on the low altitude and from Q. mongolica to C. controversa on the high altitude in the canopy layer. As a result of the analysis for the relationship between the stand scores of DCA and environmental variables. they had a tendancy to increase significantly from the P. densiflora community to C. laxiflora community that was soil moisture. the amount of soil humus and soil nutrients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.40-49
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• 2004

This work carried out to define the characteristic of Cymbidium kanran habitat at Mt. Halla in Jejudo, Korea from the ecological point of view including geological and topographical features, air and soil temperature, relative humidity, fluctuations of light intensity, habitat vegetation, distribution altitude, area limit, and etc. And another goal of this study consider the conservation counterplan of the cymbidium habitat. Natural distribution areas of the cymbidium were observed more abundantly on the well drained south and east-facing slopes. Soil acidity was ranged from pH 4.1 to 5.3, and electric conductivity was ranged from 176.4 to 299.9 us/cm (average 215.3 us/cm). Base-saturation percentage of the habitat soil was below 50%, bulk density 0.42g/$cm^2$, particle density 2.05g/$cm^2$, humus content 26%, total nitrogen 0.82%, available phosphate 4.2 mg/kg, exchangeable potassium 0.63 Cmol/kg, calcium 0.44 Cmol/kg and magnesium 0.67 Cmol/kg. Annual mean air temperature was $15.4^{\circ}C$, however, air temperature was ranged $11.7{\sim}18.2^{\circ}C$ in spring, $21.2{\sim}23.8^{\circ}C$ in summer, $12.8{\sim}22.0^{\circ}C$ in fall and $5.5{\sim}7.8^{\circ}C$ in winter season. Annual mean soil temperature at depth of 10cm was $13.2^{\circ}C$ And minimum value was recorded $4.7^{\circ}C$ on January, and maximum value $22.5^{\circ}C$ on August. Relative humidity was ranged 90.8~94.7% in summer, 80.8~91.5% in fall and 77.6~84.2% in winter season. Minimum value was 56.5% on December, and maximum value was 100% on July and August. Light intensities were ranged from 400 to 1,800 lux at the greater part of Cymbidium kanran sites in Jejudo. Summer regarded as an lower light intensities was recorded to be range of 500~600 lux; however, autumn and winter were shown higher light regimes ranged from 3,500 to 3,800 lux. Therefore, one must be suprised that the cymbidium grow at the light condition of 6 lux (minimum) or 10,000 lux (maximum). Tree species keeping higher frequency rate and density were Eurya japonica, Camellia japonica, Castanopsis cuspidata, Carpinus laxiflora and Pinus densiflora. Number of trees growing in a 5${\times}$5m quardrat was 35 as an average, and proportion of evergreen versus deciduous was 5:1. Distribution altitude of the orchid habitat was ranged from 120m (low) to 840m (high) from sea level on the south facing slope of Mt. Halla, and was ranged eastern borderline of Gujwaup, Bukjejugun to western boundaries of Jungmundong, Seogwipo city. For the stable conservation of Cymbidium kanran habitat, sunlight regimes must be increased more by means of cutting trees or twigs in the site.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.86-98
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate vegetation structure and soil properties of Adenophora racemosa population distributed in Jeombongsan, Seoraksan, Odaesan and Dutasan in Gangwon-do, Korea. From August 2007 until September 2009, $2m{\times}2m$ quadrate was established in native area of Adenophora racemosa in order to record a dominants and coverage, and soil factors at 22 sites. It was found that the altitude in the distributed areas for Angelica gigas population was 800 m or more. Adenophora racemosa population was classified into Rhododendron mucronulatum dominant population, Geranium var. hirsutum dominant population, Caret siderosticta dominant population and Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus dominant population. In the site of study, soil pH, electrical conductivity, soil organic matter, available phosphorous, and exchangeable potassium, exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium, exchangeable sodium concentration and total nitrogen were ranged from 5.0~7.1, 0.06~0.65dS/m, 0.96~8.94%, 12.3~32.8mg/kg, 0.12~0.89cmol+/kg, 0.34~10.08cmol+/kg, 0.1~l.4cmol+/kg, 0.02~0.29cmol+/kg and 0~8.4% respectively. According to the results of DCCA, Adenophora racemosa population were distributed in the high available phosphorous and exchangeable potassium, and Rhododendron mucronulatum dominant population was situated on low available potassium and high slope degree, Geranium var. hirsutum dominant population was high altitude, electrical conductivity and exchange magnesium, and Carex siderosticta dominant population and Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus were distributed on high total nitrogen, organic matter, available phosphorous.