• Health Policy and Management
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.95-97
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• 2018

Catastrophic health expenditure refers to when a household spends more than 40 percent of disposable income for out-of-pocket-expenses for healthcare. This study investigates the percentage of South Korean household which experienced the catastrophic health expenditure between 2006 and 2016 with the National Survey of Tax and Benefit and the Household Income and Expenditure Survey data. Percentage of households with the catastrophic health expenditure and tread tests were conducted with weight variable. The results of the National Survey of Tax and Benefit and the Household Income and Expenditure Survey showed 2.17% and 2.92% of households experienced the catastrophic health expenditure in 2016. In trend analysis, the National Survey of Tax and Benefit showed a statistically significant decreasing trend in the proportion of households with the catastrophic health expenditure (annual percentage change [APC]=-4.03, p<0.0001). However, the Household Income and Expenditure Survey revealed a statistically significant increasing trend (APC=1.43, p<0.0001). In conclusion, this study suggests that optimal healthcare alternatives are needed for the catastrophic health expenditure and monitoring low-income households.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.54
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• pp.295-319
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• 2003

The study starts from the critical thought on why most of female-headed single-parent families are under poverty regardless of their hard working. The study is to explore the lives of low-income single-parent families as working poor and to develop comprehensive policies for them out of poverty and other social vulnerability, using the concept of social exclusion which has been broadly introduced in the field of social science. Specifically, the study aims to analyse the process of social exclusion of low-income single-parent households, by comparing the differential lives in the economic, social, political aspects among male-headed dual-parent household, female-headed single-parent household, and poor female-headed lone-parent household who is under the public poverty line. The study was based on the secondary data analysis. A total of 3182 samples(the first 2508, the second 235, and the third 439) were included. Using SAS 6.12, frequency, chi-square, means, and ANOVA were utilized for the statistical analysis. Results show that single mothers, on the whole, are vulnerable population in terms of employment, housing stability and income. Also, low-income households of single mothers are more negatively affected by the IMF economic crisis and carry more pessimism on their future. In comparison with male-headed households, single mothers have fewer support from social insurance as well as family resources and higher burdens of additional caring need for the old, the disabled, and the chronically ill. These findings identify the reality in which female-headed households with dependent children are exposed to the overall social vulnerability and thus are easily trapped into the social disadvantaged. finally, the study suggests the development of comprehensive policies and counter-measurements for low-income female-headed families to be the primary member in our society.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.405-411
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• 2004

This paper digests the residential environment of row-income households in South-East Asia, and governmental endeavor to the squalid dwellings from the perspective of residence welfare. Two projects related to residential environment improvement, UCDO in Thailand and KIP in Philippines, are chosen for deeper study. Some findings in South-East countries' experiences are expected to instructive clues for Korea situation.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.65-92
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• 2003

This study explored and described the life course of poor female household heads. The data was gathered by in-depth interviews with thirteen poor female heads of households. Most of poor female household heads grew up in poor families. nev could not be educated properly due to their families' poverty and boy preference, and they moved to urban areas to become informal sector laborers. After the marriages, their living conditions became worse, because many of them got married to so lazy men who had alcoholic problems that were not willing to provide their families. The poor female heads of households were under difficulties owing to low income and unstable labor Condition. The economic hardship disturbed the interaction with kins and friends. Although they got in touch with these people, they had uncomfortable feelings because they did not have enough resources which made these relationships reciprocal. Therefore, social welfare policy were essential to support the poor female heads of households.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.140-144
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• 2021

Catastrophic health expenditure refers to measure the level of the economic burden of households due to medical expenses. The purpose of this study was to examine the proportion of households that experienced catastrophic health expenditure between 2006 and 2019 using available data from the National Survey of Tax and Benefit (NaSTaB), Korea Health Panel (KHP), and Households Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES). Trend test was used to analyze the proportion of households with catastrophic healthcare expenditure. The households experienced a catastrophic health expenditure of 2.44% in 2019 using the NaSTaB data. Trend analysis was significant with the decreasing trend (annual percentage change [APC], -4.49; p<0.0001) in the proportion of households with catastrophic health expenditure. Also, the results of the 2017 KHP and the 2016 HIES showed 2.20% and 2.92%. The trend was significantly increased in the KHP (APC, 1.79; p<0.0001) and the HIES (APC, 1.43; p<0.0001). Therefore, this study suggests that further public healthcare interventions to alleviate the burden of catastrophic health expenditure, especially for low-income households, are needed.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.107-112
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• 2022

Catastrophic healthcare expenditure refers to out-of-pocket spending for healthcare exceeding a certain proportion of a household's income and can lead to subsequent impoverishment. The aim of this study was to investigate the proportion of South Korean households that experienced catastrophic healthcare expenditure between 2006 and 2020 using available data from the National Survey of Tax and Benefit (NaSTaB), Korea Health Panel (KHP), and Households Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES). Trend test was used to analyze the proportion of household with catastrophic healthcare expenditure. In the NaSTaB 2020 data, households who experienced catastrophic health expenditure was 1.73%. Trend analysis was significant with the decreasing trend (annual percentage change [APC], -5.55; p<0.0001) in the proportion of households with the catastrophic health expenditure. Also, in the 2018 KHP and the 2016 HIES, households who experienced catastrophic health expenditure was 2.21% and 2.92% respectively. In contrast, the trend was significantly increased in the KHP (APC, 0.55; p<0.0001) and the HIES (APC, 1.43; p<0.0001). Therefore, the findings suggest the need to strengthen public health care financial support and monitor catastrophic healthcare expenditures, especially for low-income group.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.131-143
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the consumption expenditure structure for leisure & recreational service in urban households. For these purpose, the data collected 175 households in Pusan metropolitan city. Statistics employed for the analys were frequencies, means, one -way ANDVA, and multiple regression analysis. The major results of this study were as follows; Average monthly expenditure for leisure, recreational service was 190,342 won. And their expenditure for leisure & recreational service share was 12.89 % of total expenditure. Those expenditure with high income elasticity were hobby & culture education, and journey. And those with low income elasticity were play & inspection, and health & sports. In leisure & recreational service expenditure, the variables which influence were job and degree of household head, and income.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.239-256
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• 2024

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to examine the main determinants of the gap between housing demand and house affordability. Design/methodology/approach - This study used the micro-level data of 60,043 households from Korea Housing-Finance Corporation by covering the period 2011 to 2022. Findings - First, the trend of general housing demand showed a higher figure in the future demand than in current demand. And such a tendency showed in all types of households, a relative young, low income, and single households. In the case of current housing demand, it has increased by 2022 from the beginning of 2013, while the future demand has rapidly increased from 2020. Second, although the house affordability showed a higher figure in current housing demand by 2019, its trend changed to be higher in future housing demand from 2020 by a rapid decreasing affordbility in current demand. In the case of young householders, the current house affordability was higher than that of future. The figure of low income householders was below 1 point in both periods, and house affordability of single householders showed a similar level in both periods. which showed over 1 point. Third, financial regulation on housing markets induced th widening of the gap between housing demand and house affordability, and such a trend is much atronger in the future(potential) gap of demand and affordability. More specifically, the strengthen financial regulation leaded to the widening of the gap in all types of households, a relative young, low income, and single households. Research implications or Originality - The effect of financial regulation is necessary to consider under the features of each households.

• 한국노년학
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.1559-1575
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• 2009

As the basic old-age pension system was enforced in 2008, the base for old-age income security was founded. However, due to the basic old-age pension played a minor role as assistant allowance, it did not reach to sufficient level to cover full income security system. It is estimated that the dependency on private transfer income among the elderly who are difficult to be economically independent is still high. Therefore the poverty rate of the elderly households, who are not economically active or who are not protected by old-age income security system, is more likely to be higher than that of non-elderly households. Based on the assumption that public transfer income system should become a central means of old-age life guarantee, this study examined the poverty mitigation effects among the elderly households by comparing the private transfer income and the public transfer income. For this purpose, we selected single-elderly-households who have been considered the most vulnerable to poverty. We used 2006- 2008 Household Income and Expenditure Survey dataset that contained single-elderly who were older than 65 years old. To understand the conditions of poverty among single-elderly-households and the degree of poverty-reducing effect originated from income transfer system, we compared the poverty rates of total households and the whole elderly households. Next, we analysed the poverty of the single-elderly-households by social demographic factors such as gender, age, and economic activity. Our major findings are as follows: First, the poverty rate of the whole elderly households were not reduced, even though the basic old-age pension and long-term care management system were enforced in 2008. Second, half of the elderly households including single-elderly-households belonged to the absolute poverty line. Relatively higher level of poverty among the single-elderly-households was found especially those who were female, unemployed, low-educated, older, and rural single-elderly-households. Third, the effect of the public transfer income on mitigating the single-elderly-households poverty showed a little progress. However, even greater poverty reducing effect was found by the private transfer income system. Fourth, in a group of the public transfer systems, the public assistance such as supporting living costs contributed more to reduce poverty of the elderly population than the public pension system did.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.126-130
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• 2020

Catastrophic health expenditure refers to measure the level of the economic burden of households due to medical expenses. The purpose of this study was to examine the proportion of households that experienced catastrophic health expenditure between 2006 and 2018 using available data from the National Survey of Tax and Benefit (NaSTaB), Korea Health Panel (KHP), and Households Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES). Trend test was used to analyze the proportion of household with catastrophic healthcare expenditure. The households experienced the catastrophic health expenditure 2.08% in 2018 using the NaSTaB data. Trend analysis was significant with the decreasing trend (Annual Percentage Change [APC], -4.88; p<0.0001) in the proportion of households with the catastrophic health expenditure. On the other hand, the results of the HIES showed 2.92%, and KHP showed 2.48% of households experienced the catastrophic health expenditure in 2016. The trend was significantly increased in HIES (APC, 1.43; p<0.0001) and KHP (APC, 6.68; p<0.0001). Therefore, this suggests that further interventions to alleviate the burden of catastrophic health expenditure to the low-income group are needed.