• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.120-125
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to investigate the influencing factors that characterize low density lipoprotein (LDL) phenotype and the levels of LDL particle size in healthy Korean women. In 57 healthy Korean women (mean age, $57.4{\pm}13.1$ yrs), anthropometric and biochemical parameters such as lipid profiles and LDL particle size were measured. Dietary intake was estimated by a developed semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The study subjects were divided into two groups: LDL phenotype A (mean size: $269.7{\AA}$, n = 44) and LDL phenotype B (mean size: $248.2{\AA}$, n = 13). Basic characteristics were not significantly different between the two groups. The phenotype B group had a higher body mass index, higher serum levels of triglyceride, total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, apolipoprotein (apo)B, and apoCIII but lower levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and LDL particle size than those of the phenotype A group. LDL particle size was negatively correlated with serum levels of triglyceride (r = -0.732, $P$ < 0.001), total-cholesterol, apoB, and apoCIII, as well as carbohydrate intake (%En) and positively correlated with serum levels of HDL-cholesterol and ApoA1 and fat intake (%En). A stepwise multiple linear regression analysis revealed that carbohydrate intake (%En) and serum triglyceride levels were the primary factors influencing LDL particle size ($P$ < 0.001, $R^2$ = 0.577). This result confirmed that LDL particle size was closely correlated with circulating triglycerides and demonstrated that particle size is significantly associated with dietary carbohydrate in Korean women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.263-270
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Lycii fructus on the serum lipid in rats fed high fat diet. We compared the effects of L. fructus and L.fructus water extract both adminstered with high fat diets on rats that had previously been on high fat or standard diets. Two separate experiments were conducted for 6 weeks. respectively. In experiment I, 4 groups of rats were fed experimental diets consisting of either \circled1 6 weeks of a standard diet(control), \circled2 6 weeks of a high-fat diet(HHC), \circled3 3 weeks of a high-fat diet followed by 3 weeks of a high-fat diet containing L. fructus(HHL) or \circled4 6 weeks of a high-fat diet with L. fructus extract in place of water for the last 3 weeks (HHT). In the second set of experiments, a high-fat diet (SHC), high-fat diet containing L.fructus(SHL) or high-fat diet with L. fructus extract in place of water (SHT) were fed for 3 weeks after 3 weeks of standard diet feeding. Rats fed L. fructus diet consumed more diets than high-fat diets. THe results of experiment I showed significant decreases(p<0.05) in serum triglyceride(TB) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels with L. fructus feedings, but did not show andy changes in total cholesterol (TC) level. High density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) level was increased significantly(p<0.05) with L. fructus feedings. Therefore, the ration of LDL-C to HDL-C(LDL-C/HDL-C) which is used as an atherosclerosis index was significantly (p<0.05) low, while the HDL-c/TC ration was significantly(p<0.05) high with L.fructus intake. However, no significant were found in serum cholesterols and TG levels in experimentII. The results of these experiments indicate that , regardless of the feeding from, L. fructus can be beneficial in lowering serum TG and LDL-C levels for habitual high-fat diet intakers. L.fructus also seems to be effective in elevating serum HDL-C level, theregy having beneficial effects on atherosclerosis by influencing the serum lipoprotein profile.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 2012

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to analyze the correlations among bone mineral density(BMD), serum lipid levels, and cognitive function in the elderly with dementia. Methods : We recruited seventy elderly with dementia(men=35, women=35) to participate in the Korean mini mental state examination(K-MMSE). Their T-scores and serum lipid levels were analyzed for correlation analysis. Results : The results of this study showed that there are significant correlations between cognitive function and three factors BMD, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) level, and total cholesterol(TC) level. The cognitive function scores increased proportionally with BMD but were inversely proportional to LDL-C and TC levels. There were no significant relations among cognitive function, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C) level, and triglyceride(TG) level. Conclusion : These results indicate that there is a direct proportionality between cognitive function and BMD and inverse proportionalities between cognitive function and LDL-C level and between cognitive function and TC level. Therefore, these levels can be indices for preventing and predicting dementia.

• Journal of Menopausal Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.176-182
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• 2018

Objectives: Menopause is associated with adverse metabolic changes in plasma lipoprotein and inflammation markers. Estrogens have beneficial effects on lipid metabolism and inflammation. Isoflavones (ISO) have structurally similar to estradiol. Our objective was analize the effect of soy-ISO on serum lipid and inflammatory markers (sP-selectin and sCD40L) in postmenopausal women. Methods: A 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention with soy-ISO (50 mg, twice daily) was conducted in 35 healthy postmenopausal women (55-72 years old). The women were divided in 2 groups: 20 were allocated to soy-ISO, and 15 to a placebo group. Results: The changes of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, Apo-A1, sP-selectin and sCD40L in 2 groups before and after 12-week treatment showed no statistical significance. In subgroup analysis, soy-ISO supplementation significantly decreased the levels of TC, LDL-C and sCD40L in women under 65 years old, and with null effects on serum lipid and inflammation markers in women over 65 years old. Conclusions: Soy-ISO did not significantly favorable effects on the lipid profile and inflammatory markers in postmenopausal women. However, in women under 65 years of age, soy-ISO significantly decreased the TC, LDL-C and sCD40L, whereas, no effects on lipid profile and inflammation markers in women over 65 years old were observed.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the lipid profile ratios as factors affecting disease progress in patients with high-grade primary brain cancers undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and adjuvant chemotherapy. Methods: The levels of lipid profile ratios were evaluated by looking at the total cholesterol (TC) to high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (TC/HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol (LDL-c/HDL-c), and triglycerides to HDL-cholesterol (TG/HDL-c). This descriptive research was conducted 7 months after the initiation of CCRT and adjuvant chemotherapy. Results: A total of 36 patients with newly diagnosed primary malignant brain cancer were included in the study. The levels of lipid profile ratios such as TC/HDL-c, LDL-c/HDL-c, TG/HDL-c were significantly different between the patients with and without disease progress at 7 months after initiation of CCRT and adjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusion: The lipid profile ratios were indicators affecting disease prognosis with tumor-related factors at 7 months after initiation of CCRT and adjuvant chemotherapy. Therefore, lipid profile ratios indicating hyperlipidemia in patients with high-grade brain cancers should be carefully monitored during and after cancer-related therapy.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.6694-6701
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to identify the correlation between low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and the pulmonary function. This study enrolled premenopausal women in their aged 40s, who visited the health promotion center of a general hospital more than two times. A total of 384 subjects were classified into four groups based on their LDL-cholesterol levels; A, LDL(mg/dL)<100 at both initial and follow-up; B, LDL<100 at initial but ${\geq}100$ at follow-up; C, $LDL{\geq}100$ at initial but <100 on follow-up; and D, $LDL{\geq}100$ at both the initial and follow-up test. The result showed no significant differences in the pulmonary function between the four groups. Multiple linear regression analysis, which was adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking, exercise, and follow-up duration, showed a significant negative relationship between the changes in the LDL and the changes in the $FEV_1/FVC$ (${\beta}=-0.109$, S.E.=0.029, P<0.001), but not in the $FEV_1$ and FVC. In conclusion, there was a significant but weak relationship between the LDL and pulmonary function. Further larger studies will be needed.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.284-288
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• 2003

In this study, we investigated the effects of green tea and Pueraria radix tea on the production of Apo B$_{100}$ in Hep G$_2$ liver cells and on the expression of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor. Treatment with green tea resulted in a 60.7% decrease on the Apo B$_{100}$ concentration in Hep G$_2$ cells. Pueraria radix tea decreased Apo B$_{100}$ concentration by 63.5% in Hep G$_2$ cells. Green tea and Pueraria radix tea significantly decreased Apo B$_{100}$ concentration by 64.8% and 61.8%, respectively, in the media. Treatment of the cells with green tea and Pueraria radix tea also significantly decreased the intracellular total cholesterol, but total cholesterol concentrations in the media increased by 26.4% (green tea) and 23.6% (Pueraria radix tea) above that measured in the media of control cells. The addition of green tea and Pueraria radix to the media of the Hep Gz cells increased the LDL receptor binding activities by 84.1% and 79.4%, respectively.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.120-126
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• 2012

Objective : Previous studies reported a correlation between the low serum cholesterol level and impulsive behaviors. In this study, we investigate an association between the serum lipid levels and psychological parameters in maladaptive soldiers in the Korean Army. Methods : A total of ninety-six maladaptive subjects and thirty-six normal controls in the Korean army were evaluated with the Korean version of Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (K-BIS), Korean version of Beck Suicidal Ideation Scale (K- BSIS), Korean version of Beck Depression Inventory (K-BDI) and Korean version of Beck Anxiety Inventory (K-BAI). Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) level were measured by overnight fasting blood sampling. Results : There were no significant differences between the groups in demographic characteristics. Serum total cholesterol levels (t=-2.209, p=0.032), triglyceride levels (t=-4.593, p<0.001), and LDL levels (t=-3.753, p=0.001) of maladaptive subjects were significantly lower than those of normal controls, and maladaptive subjects had higher K-BIS scores than normal controls (t=7.542, p<0.001). Negative correlation was found between LDL levels and non-planning impulsiveness in the maladaptive subjects (r=-0.253, p=0.013). LDL levels (${\beta}=-0.258$, p=0.008) and K-BDI scores (${\beta}=0.266$, p=0.043) emerged as significant predictors for non-planning impulsiveness. Conclusion : These results suggested that LDL level was associated with non-planning impulsiveness. These findings suggested that serum cholesterol levels might be available as a biological marker of impulsiveness. However, more large samples, longitudinal biological study and psychiatric evaluations should be needed to develop a preventive intervention for maladaptive male conscripts in the Korean army.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.234-238
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to determine whether vitamin {TEX}$B_{6}${/TEX} deficiency and age affect the blood cho-lesterol profile in exercising rats. Fifty four rats were fed either a viramin {TEX}$B_{6}${/TEX} deficient dief(-{TEX}$B_{6}${/TEX}) of a control diet(+{TEX}$B_{6}${/TEX}) for 6 weeks, then subdivided into 3 groups:non-exercise group(NE), exercise and sacrifice group(ES), exercise and recuperation group(ER). ES group was exercised in treadmill({TEX}$10^{o}${/TEX}, 0.5~0.8km/h) for 2 hours and sacrifice. ER group was recuperated three days with respective diet after exercise. At week 3 and 6, and level of plasma total cholesterol(TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL_C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL_C) were compared. In NE group, there was no difference in the levels of TC, HDL_C and LDL_C between +{TEX}$B_{6}${/TEX} rats and -{TEX}$B_{6}${/TEX} rats. The plasma levels of TC and LDL_C of 6 weeks were higher than those of 3 weeks and on difference in HDL_V between 3 weeks rats and 6 weeks rats. In ES group, there was also no difference in the levels of TC, HDL_C and LDL_C between +{TEX}$B_{6}${/TEX} rats and -{TEX}$B_{6}${/TEX} rats and there was no difference in TC, LDL-cholesterol between 3 weeks rats and 6 weeks rats. The level of HDL_C pf 6 weeks was lower than that of 3 weeks rats. In ER group, there was no difference in the levels of TC and LDL_C not only between +{TEX}$B_{6}${/TEX} rats and-{TEX}$B_{6}${/TEX} rats but also between 3 weeks rats and 6 weeks rats. The level of HDL_C was lower in -{TEX}$B_{6}${/TEX} rats than in +{TEX}$B_{6}${/TEX} rats and higher in 6 weeks rats than in 3 weeks rats. These results suggest that vitamin {TEX}$B_{6}${/TEX} deficiency may affect the HDL_C during exercise and after recuperation. The desirable effect of exercise on plasma Cholesterol profile is strengthened in adult age than young age.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.628-635
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• 2013

We investigated the effects of water extracts of unripe black raspberry (UBR) and red ginseng (RG) on cholesterol synthesis, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase activity, and expression of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-related genes in HepG2 and Caco-2 (human hepatoma and intestinal cell lines, respectively). Our results showed that cholesterol synthesis and HMG-CoA reductase activity in HepG2 cells were inhibited by UBR and RG. Further, co-treatment with UBR and RG had a greater effect than did treatment with either UBR or RG. In Caco-2 cells, treatment with UBR and RG increased the expression of LDL-regulated genes, such as LDL receptor and SREBP-2, and also upregulated the level of HDL-associated ABCA1. Moreover, co-treatment with UBR and RG appeared to be more effective than treatment with either UBR or RG. Taken together, our results indicate that UBR and RG regulate the level of HDL-associated ABCA1 via signaling pathway, thereby preventing cholesterol synthesis.