• 제목/요약/키워드: Low Price

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고기능 RFID 태그를 위한 보안 프로토콜 (A Secure Protocol for High-Performance RFID Tag)

  • 박진성;최명열
    • 전기학회논문지P
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    • 제54권4호
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    • pp.217-223
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    • 2005
  • In this paper, we have proposed a secure dynamic ID allocation protocol using mutual authentication on the RFID tag. Currently, there are many security protocols focused on the low-price RFID tag. The conventional low-price tags have limitation of computing power and rewritability of memory. The proposed secure dynamic ID allocation protocol targets to the high-performance RFID tags which have more powerful performance than conventional low-price tag by allocating a dynamic ID to RFID using mutual authentication based on symmetric encryption algorithm. This protocol can be used as a partial solution for ID tracing and forgery.

An Approach for Stock Price Forecast using Long Short Term Memory

  • K.A.Surya Rajeswar;Pon Ramalingam;Sudalaimuthu.T
    • International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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    • 제23권4호
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    • pp.166-171
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    • 2023
  • The Stock price analysis is an increasing concern in a financial time series. The purpose of the study is to analyze the price parameters of date, high, low, and news feed about the stock exchange price. Long short term memory (LSTM) is a cutting-edge technology used for predicting the data based on time series. LSTM performs well in executing large sequence of data. This paper presents the Long Short Term Memory Model has used to analyze the stock price ranges of 10 days and 20 days by exponential moving average. The proposed approach gives better performance using technical indicators of stock price with an accuracy of 82.6% and cross entropy of 71%.

Price estimation based on business model pricing strategy and fuzzy logic

  • Callistus Chisom Obijiaku;Kyungbaek Kim
    • 스마트미디어저널
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    • 제12권1호
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    • pp.54-61
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    • 2023
  • Pricing, as one of the most important aspects of a business, should be taken seriously. Whatever affects a company's pricing system tends to affect its profits and losses as well. Currently, many manufacturing companies fix product prices manually by members of an organization's management team. However, due to the imperfect nature of humans, an extremely low or high price may be fixed, which is detrimental to the company in either case. This paper proposes the development of a fuzzy-based price expert system (Expert Fuzzy Price (EFP)) for manufacturing companies. This system will be able to recommend appropriate prices for products in manufacturing companies based on four major pricing strategic goals, namely: Product Demand, Price Skimming, Competition Price, and Target population.

미국 전기도매시장의 전기가격 추정 (Estimating Spot Prices of Restructured Electricity Markets in the United States)

  • 유시용
    • 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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    • 제13권3호
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    • pp.417-440
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    • 2004
  • 미국의 PJM(Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland) 전기도매시장의 전기 가격을 가변 전환확률 국면전환모형(regime switching model with time-varying transition probability model)을 이용해서 추정해보았다. 전기수요뿐만 아니라 기온을 전환확률 방정식의 설명변수로 포함시킴으로써 전기가격이 낮은 국면에서 높은 국면으로 전환할 확률의 문턱점(threshold) 효과가 뚜렷이 향상되었다. 따라서 도매전기가격의 스파이크(spike) 발생을 예측할 수 있게 되는 것이다. 이는 또한 미국의 도매시장 전기가격의 스파이크는 기온에 의해서도 잘 설명되며, 이를 이용하여 날씨관련 파생상품이나 계약을 통해서 도매전기 구입비용의 위험을 해지할 수 있다는 것을 의미한다.

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The Impact of COVID-19, Day-of-the-Week Effect, and Information Flows on Bitcoin's Return and Volatility

  • LIU, Ying Sing;LEE, Liza
    • The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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    • 제7권11호
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    • pp.45-53
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    • 2020
  • Past literatures have not studied the impact of real-world events or information on the return and volatility of virtual currencies, particularly on the COVID-19 event, day-of-the-week effect, daily high-low price spreads and information flow rate. The study uses the ARMA-GARCH model to capture Bitcoin's return and conditional volatility, and explores the impact of information flow rate on conditional volatility in the Bitcoin market based on the Mixture Distribution Hypothesis (Clark, 1973). There were 3,064 samples collected during the period from 1st of January 2012 to 20th April, 2020. Empirical results show that in the Bitcoin market, a daily high-low price spread has a significant inverse relationship for daily return, and information flow rate has a significant positive relationship for condition volatility. The study supports a significant negative relationship between information asymmetry and daily return, and there is a significant positive relationship between daily trading volume and condition volatility. When Bitcoin trades on Saturday & Sunday, there is a significant reverse relationship for conditional volatility and there exists a day-of-the-week volatility effect. Under the impact of COVID-19 event, Bitcoin's condition volatility has increased significantly, indicating the risk of price changes. Finally, the Bitcoin's return has no impact on COVID-19 events and holidays (Saturday & Sunday).

마케팅 믹스 요소가 브랜드 자산에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 (The Effect of Marketing Mix elements on brand Equity)

  • 류장무
    • 산업융합연구
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    • 제1권1호
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    • pp.41-70
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    • 2003
  • Many researches on brand equity have been focused in definition about it, factors of it, and the process of formation. Most of them have been used by voluntary production category, as is durable goods or nondurable goods. But this study, using the model is developed by Foote, Cone & Be1ding(FCB) Company, classified four fields, high-low involvement, rationality(rational or sensitive) involvement. The selected goods is a sensitive high involvement(casual wear). This study investigate the effects of brand equity and search the influences of brand equity formation according to factors of marketing mix. To this goals, this study kept a literature survey and a demonstrative research. In literature survey, there are several definitions of brand and brand equity. The research model is derived from selected factors of marketing mix and former study. This study used the regression analysis to verify effects from brand equity through the selected marketing mix. The research data is collected from the capital area. The focus of this study is effects of brand equity according to marketing mix. The followings are results and suggestions of this study. First, in the price factors, the affirmative effects are revealed the perceived quality and the brand awareness in a rational high involvement goods, the perceived quality and the brand associations in a sensitive high involvement goods, all factors of brand equity in a rational low involvement goods, and the perceived quality in a sensitive low involvement goods. As summary, the important characteristics is the price factors to consumers, and consumers recognize that a high price means a high quality. Second, in the store image factors, the affirmative effects are revealed all brand equity factors in a rational high involvement and a sensitive high-low involvement. A good store image incites more interest, contact, and visit from potential consumer. And such store offers more consumer satisfaction, simulates more active and positive conversation to consumers. Third, in advertising spending factors, the affirmative effects are revealed the brand awareness and associations in a rational high involvement and a sensitive high involvement, all brand equity factors in a rational low involvement and a sensitive low involvement. An advertisement increases not only a brand awareness but also strong brand associations. Forth, in price promotion factors, the affirmative effects are revealed the brand associations in a rational high involvement, the negative effects are revealed all brand equity in sensitive high involvement. According the result about the effects of brand royalty through the brand equity factors, a perceived quality and brand associations have positive effects to brand royalty in all factors. Consumers choice a deep perceived quality than other competitive brand. So, brand equity will increase according to a qualitative grade of a perceived brand by consumers. Brand associations represent a quality and a degree of involvement. In conclusion, brand associations and equity have a positive relation each other. According to the analysis results about a brand royalty of selected marketing mix factors, the affirmative effects are revealed the store image and price promotion factors in a rational high involvement, the price and store image in a sensitive high involvement, and the price and advertising spending in a rational low involvement. The results about the affect of selected marketing mix factors according to brand equity, are the perceived quality in a high involvement, and all brand equity factors in a low involvement. The affirmative effects about a store image are revealed all equity factors in high-low involvement. In advertising spending factors, the affirmative effects are revealed the brand awareness and associations in a high involvement goods, and the perceived quality and the brand awareness in a low involvement goods. In price promotion factors, the affirmative effects are revealed the brand awareness in a low involvement goods, and the negative effects are revealed the brand awareness in a high involvement goods. According to a degree of involvement, the results of a brand royalty through a brand equity factors are following. The affirmative effects are revealed the perceived quality and the brand royalty in a high involvement goods, and the brand awareness are revealed a negative effect. The affirmative effects are revealed the perceived Quality and the brand associations in a low involvement goods. So, in a high involvement goods, the brand royalty is built by strong brand associations, but, in a low involvement goods, the brand royalty is built also by a perceived Quality and a brand awareness. This study have some concept of limitation. So, this study presents a future direction of research. First, a future study has to have more deep analysis for this study analyzed through a limited marketing mix factors. Second, a future research has to get mutual effects about brand equity of marketing mix factors for this study has an individual marketing decision factors. Third, for the future, a brand equity needs a research about a several goods such as services, profit or nonprofit, industrial products, culture, and so on. Forth, the research have to diversify a various data for population.

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지역간 주택매매가격 변동성의 상관관계에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Interregional Relationship of Housing Purchase Price Volatility)

  • 유한수
    • 산학경영연구
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    • 제20권2호
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    • pp.15-27
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    • 2007
  • 본 연구에서는 서울, 대전, 부산의 주택매매가격종합지수 변동성간의 상관관계에 대해 분석하였다. 기존의 연구에서는 시장에서 관찰되는 관측변동성을 이용하여 분석하였으나 본 연구에서는 통계적 방법을 이용하여 관측변동성을 내재가치의 변화에 의해 발생되는 기본적 변동성과 추종거래 등과 같은 잡음거래(noise trading)에 의해 발생되는 일시적 변동성으로 분해하여 락 변동성간의 관계를 분석하였다. 분석 결과 서울 주택매매가격 변동성과 두산 주택매매가격 변동성의 상관관계가 관측변동성 기본적 변동성, 일시적 변동성 모두 높게 나타나고 있다. 기본적 변동성의 경우는 관측변동성의 경우보다 상관관계가 놀게 나타났는데 기본적 변동성은 정보에 의해 발생하는 지속적인 변동성 부분이므로 각 시장에 공통적으로 영향을 주기 때문에 상관관계가 놀게 나타난 것으로 판단된다.

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Will More Expensive Gifts be More Appreciated?

  • CHO, Eunseong;BYUN, Sookeun
    • 유통과학연구
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    • 제18권1호
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    • pp.95-105
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    • 2020
  • Purpose: Will more expensive gifts be more pleasurable and appreciated? This is a general expectation of gift-givers. According to the previous study on Americans (Flynn and Adams 2009), recipients tend to appreciate gifts regardless of their price. It indicates that there is an interaction effect between position (giving / receiving) and gift price. This study expands the previous study and aims to answer the following two questions: "Are such an interaction effect observed in Korean, too?" and "What types of people prefer expensive gifts?" Research design, data, and methodology: Study 1 of the current research repeated the Study 3 of Flynn and Adams (2009), with an iPod (high-priced gift condition) and a music CD (low-priced gift condition). That is, a 2 (gift price: high / low) x 2 (position: giver / receiver) between-group design was used. Study 2 used gift certificates of 100,000 won (high-priced gift condition) and 5,000-won gift (low-priced gift condition). Unlike the previous study that measured only one dependent variable (gratitude), this study added five more dependent variables in an attempt to exclude alternative explanations, such as endowment effects or emotional conflicts. This study also measured individualism / collectivism, face sensitivity, and materialism to explore the types of people who prefer expensive gifts. Results: The interaction effect between gift price and position on the level of appreciation was not significant. Meanwhile the main effect of gift price and of position were significant. The gift-recipient was more appreciative than the gift-givers' expectation regardless of the price of gifts. To investigate individual differences, individualism/collectivism, face sensitivity, and materialism were examined, but none of these variables were significantly related to the preference for expensive gifts. Respondents who received gift certificates in Study 2 were less grateful than those who received iPods or music CDs in Study 1. Conclusions: This study found that Koreans tend to be more grateful if they receive expensive gifts, in contrast to the Flynn and Adams (2009)'s study with Americans. In addition, gift-recipients appreciated more than givers' expectation and were more grateful when they received tangible products rather than gift certificates.

유가 연계 파생결합증권의 특성에 대한 연구 (A Study on Properties of Crude Oil Based Derivative Linked Security)

  • 손경우;정지영
    • 아태비즈니스연구
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    • 제11권3호
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    • pp.243-260
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    • 2020
  • Purpose - This paper aims to investigate the properties of crude oil based derivative security (DLS) focusing on step-down type for comprehensive understanding of its risk. Design/methodology/approach - Kernel estimation is conducted to figure out statistical feature of the process of oil price. We simulate oil price paths based on kernel estimation results and derive probabilities of hitting the barrier and early redemption. Findings - The amount of issuance for crude oil based DLS is relatively low when base prices are below $40 while it is high when base prices are around $60 or $100, which is not consistent with kernel estimation results showing that oil futures prices tend to revert toward $46.14 and the mean-reverting speed is faster as oil price is lower. The analysis based on simulated oil price paths reveals that probability of early redemption is below 50% for DLS with high base prices and the ratio of the probability of early redemption to the probability of hitting barrier is remarkably low compared to the case for DLS with low base prices, as the chance of early redemption is deferred. Research implications or Originality - Empirical results imply that the level of the base price is a crucial factor of the risk for DLS, thus introducing a time-varying knock-in barrier, which is similar to adjust the base price, merits consideration to enhance protection for DLS investors.

인터넷 쇼핑몰에서의 신뢰 형성 요인에 관한 연구: 인지된 위험 및 가격의 조절효과를 중심으로 (Investigating the Determinants of Trust in the Internet Shopping Mall Environments: Focusing on the Moderation Effects of Perceived Risk and Perceived Price)

  • 이규하;곽기영
    • 경영정보학연구
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    • 제17권2호
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    • pp.1-27
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    • 2015
  • 인터넷 쇼핑몰은 지난 10년간 급격하게 성장해 왔다. 이러한 성장의 주요한 원인으로 저렴한 가격과 편리성을 들 수 있다. 그러나 인터넷쇼핑에서는 소비자가 구매하려고 하는 물품을 직접 보고 만질 수 없기 때문에 오프라인 쇼핑몰에 비교해서 불확실성이 높다. 많은 선행 연구에서 이러한 불확실성을 해결하기 위해서 신뢰를 제안하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 구전과 제3자 보증이 신뢰에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 조사하는 것이다. 그리고 조절변수로서 인지된 위험과 인지된 가격 요인이 신뢰형성에 어떻게 영향을 미칠 것인지 확인하는 것이다. 연구결과, 인터넷 쇼핑몰에서 구전과 제3자 보증은 신뢰에 영향을 주는 중요한 요인임이 검증되었다. 그리고 인지된 위험(높은 위험 인지 그룹, 낮은 위험 인지 그룹)과 인지된 가격(높은 가격 인지 그룹, 낮은 가격 인지 그룹)은 신뢰형성에 각각 다르게 영향을 주는 것으로 검증되었다. 본 연구결과는 연구자와 실무자에게 중요한 시사점을 제공할 것이라 기대된다.