• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.2303-2311
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• 2005

Super low temperature has many applications nowadays, from the chemical processing, automotives manufacturing, plastic recycling, etc. Considering of its wide application in the present and the future, study of the super-low temperature refrigeration system should be actively carried out. Super low state temperature can be achieved by using multi-stage refrigeration system. This paper present the development and testing of cascade refrigerator system for achieving super-low temperature. On this experiment, two different types of HCFCs refrigerants are utilized, R-22 and R-23 were applied for the high stage and the low-pressure stage respectively. The lowest temperature in the low-pressure evaporator that can be achieved by this cascade refrigeration system is down to $-85^{\circ}C$. This experiment is aimed to study the effect of inlet pressure of the low-pressure stage evaporator and low-pressure stage compressors inlet pressure characteristics to the overall temperature characteristics of cascade refrigeration system.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.160-169
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• 2013

Two-stage turbocharging is an important way to raise engine power density, to realize energy saving and emission reducing. At present, turbine matching of two-stage turbocharger is based on MAP of turbine. The matching method does not take the effect of turbines' interaction into consideration, assuming that flow at high pressure turbine outlet and low pressure turbine inlet is uniform. Actually, there is swirl flow at outlet of high pressure turbine, and the swirl flow will influence performance of low pressure turbine which influencing performance of engine further. Three-dimension models of turbines with two-stage turbocharger were built in this paper. Based on the turbine models, mechanism of swirl flow at high pressure turbine outlet influencing low pressure turbine performance was studied and a two-stage radial counter-rotation turbine system was raised. Mechanisms of the influence of counter-rotation turbine system acting on low-pressure turbine were studied using simulation method. The research result proved that in condition of small turbine flow rate corresponding to engine low-speed working condition, counter-rotation turbine system can effectively decrease the influence of swirl flow at high pressure turbine outlet imposing on low pressure turbine and increases efficiency of the low-pressure turbine, furthermore increases the low-speed performance of the engine.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.826-833
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• 2004

Cascade impactors are widely used to collect size classified aerosol. A major disadvantage of this instrument is the required long sampling time. Electrical low pressure impactor has been developed to overcome this disadvantage and to achieve real-time measurements on the particle size distribution. The instrument consists primarily of a corona charger, low pressure cascade impactor and multi channel electrometer. We designed and evaluated the performance of a potable 3-stage low pressure impactor using an electrical method. For the calibration of the impactor, monodispersed particles were generated using evaporation-condensation method followed by electrostatic classification using a DMA(Differential Mobility Analyzer). The collection efficiency curves of the stages can be determined by analysing the fraction of particles collected by each stage.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.349-358
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• 2004

A low pressure impactor is an impaction device to separate airborne particles into aerodynamic size classes at low pressure condition. We designed a two-stage low-pressure impactor to classify submicron sized environmental aerosols. Performance evaluation was carried out for stages 1 and 2 by using an electrical method. Monodisperse liquid dioctyl sebacate (DOS) particles were generated using evaporation-condensation process followed by electrostatic classification using a DMA (differential mobility analyzer). The test particles were in the range of 0.08∼0.8$\mu\textrm{m}$. For the evaluation of the impactor we used two electrometers; one was connected to the impaction plate of the impactor and the other was to the Faraday cage used as a backup filter. The effect of polydispersity of test aerosols on the performance was investigated. The results showed that the experimental 50-% cutoff diameters at each impactor's operation pressure were 0.53 and 0.187$\mu\textrm{m}$ for stages 1 and stage 2, respectively. The effects of operation pressure on the cutoff diameter and the steepness of collection efficiency curves were also investigated.

• 공업화학
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.652-656
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 석유계 잔사유를 원료로 피치 합성반응 중 압력변수에 의한 영향을 고찰하였다. 압력변수를 달리하여 두 단으로 나누어 반응을 진행하였다. 실험은 두 단을 연속적으로 진행하였고, 첫 번째 단에 가압, 상압, 감압으로 열처리를 진행하였고, 두 번째 단은 상압과 감압으로 실험하였다. 합성 온도는 $400^{\circ}C$, 합성 시간은 총 2 h으로 피치 합성을 진행하였다. 각 조건에 의해 제조된 피치의 열적 특성과 분자량 분포는 연화점 측정과 MALDI-TOF 분석을 통해 고찰하였다. 또한, GC-SIMDIS를 이용해 피치 합성 반응 중 휘발된 액상 성분에 대한 특성을 고찰하였다. 첫 번째 단에서 가압 조건을 이용한 경우, 저비점 물질들이 상대적으로 다른 두 조건보다 많이 피치 합성 반응에 참여하였으며, 저비점 물질들의 반응참여 효과로 낮은 연화점을 갖는 피치를 얻을 수 있었다. 반대로 첫 번째 단에서 감압 조건을 사용한 경우, 저비점 물질들이 효과적으로 휘발되어 반응기 외부로 빠져나가 낮은 피치 수율을 얻었고, 일부 코크스화가 진행된 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 압력 공정변수를 제어하여 피치의 수율 및 연화점 등 물성을 효과적으로 조절할 수 있는 공정변수를 도출하였다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.461-470
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• 2019

신장질환은 당뇨병환자에서 흔한 합병증이며, 알부민뇨 배설의 증가, 사구체여과율의 감소가 특징적이다. KDIGO 분류에 따라 6기 국민건강영양조사 원시자료를 이용하여 알부민뇨와 사구체여과율에 따라 특성을 분석하였다. 당뇨환자를 KDIGO의 분류에 따라, Low risk 72.0%, Moderate risk 19.3%, High risk 5.6%, Very high risk 3.0%이었다. 당뇨병 유병기간이 길어질수록 Low risk는 74.7%에서 52.2%로 감소하였고, Moderate~Very high risk는 25.4%에서 47.8%로 상승하였다. 위험요인은 CKD stage 1 (HR 2.064) ~ stage 4 (HR 11.049)로 고혈압의 위험도가 가장 높았다. 고혈압 유병기간에 따라 신장질환의 발생빈도는 상승하였고, 적정 혈압을 유지하는 군에서 신장질환의 위험도 0.42가 감소하였다. 고혈압 환자에서 적정 혈압으로 관리하는 군이 그렇지 않은 군보다 42%의 신장질환의 감소효과가 있었다. 그러므로 고혈압을 적정혈압으로 조절 및 관리하는 것이 신장질환의 예방에 있어 중요하다.

• 유체기계공업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 유체기계공업학회 2005년도 연구개발 발표회 논문집
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• pp.359-364
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• 2005

Centrifugal pump shows the strongest secondary flow. Wake is formed near pressure surface close to hub at impeller exit for centrifugal pump impeller. Pressure gradient drives secondary flow in the inducer region, while in the remaining region the following sources drive together: > Pressure gradient > Coriolis force Low-momentum fluid near suction surface hub moves toward pressure surface hub in mixed-flow pump impeller. Tip leakage vortex dominate secondary flow in axial-flow pump impeller. Tip leakage vortex dominate secondary flow in axial-flow in axial-flow pump impeller

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.30-36
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• 1993

Wood chips of oak (Quercus mongolica) and larch (Larix leptolepis) were treated with a relatively low pressure steam(10~20 kg/$cm^2$) for 10~20 min (first-stage),and then increased pressure up to 30kg/$cm^2$ for 30 second (second-stage), and steam pressure was released intentionally to air. Main components of exploded wood were separated with 1% NaOH and hot water-methanol. In this work, the more effective low pressure explosion condition and separation method of wood main component were investigated. The results can be summarized as follows; 1. The yields of exploded wood were generally decreased with increasing steam pressure and reaction time. 2. The proper condition of steam explosion in low pressure for the separation of wood main components was 15kg/$cm^2$-10 min, in oak wood and 20kg/$cm^2$-10 min., then 30kg/$cm^2$-0.5 min, in larch wood. 3. The 23% of elude hemicellulose was obtained from the exploded oak wood which was treated with optimal condition. 4. In the case of hot water-methanol extraction, the ratio of delignification was 14~23% in the exploded larch wood and 42~55% in the exploded oak wood. 5. The methanol was more effective than 1% sodium hydroxide solution for extraction of lignin from exploded wood.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.1417-1422
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• 2003

An electrical cascade impactor is a multistage impaction device to separate airborne particles into aerodynamic size classes using electrical method. We designed a real-time three-stage electrical low-pressure impactor, which is proper to nanometer sized environmental aerosols. Performance evaluation was carried out for stage 1 and 2. The monodisperse liquid dioctyl sebacate (DOS) particles were generated using condensation-evaporation followed by electrostatic classification using DMA (differential mobility analizer) for particles with diameters in the range of $0.04{\sim}0.8{\mu}m$. The evaluation of the electrical impactor is based on the use of two electrometers, one connected to the impaction plate of the impactor, and the other to the faraday cage as backup filter. The results showed that the experimental 50% cutoff diameters in the operation pressure were 0.53 and $0.12{\mu}m$ for stage 1 and stage 2. The effect of operation pressure on the cutoff diameter and the steepness of collection effcieicy curves is investigated.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2008년 영문 학술대회
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• pp.25-34
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• 2008

In this paper, three-dimensional multiblade row unsteady Navier-Stokes simulations at a hot streak temperature ratio of 2.0 have been performed to reveal the effects of rotor tip clearance on the inlet hot streak migration characteristics in low pressure stage of a Vaneless Counter-Rotating Turbine. The hot streak is circular in shape with a diameter equal to 25% of the high pressure turbine stator span. The hot streak center is located at 50% of the span and the leading edge of the high pressure turbine stator. The tip clearance size studied in this paper is 2.0mm(2.59% high pressure turbine rotor height, and 2.09% low pressure turbine rotor height). The numerical results show that the hot streak is not mixed out by the time it reaches the exit of high pressure turbine rotor. The separation of colder and hotter fluid is observed at the inlet of low pressure turbine rotor. Most of hotter fluid migrates towards the rotor pressure surface, and only little hotter fluid migrates to the rotor suction surface when it convects into the low pressure turbine rotor. And the hotter fluid migrated to the tip region of the high pressure turbine rotor impinges on the leading edge of the low pressure turbine rotor after it goes through the high pressure turbine rotor. The migration of the hotter fluid directly results in very high heat load at the leading edge of the low pressure turbine rotor. The migration characteristics of the hot streak in the low pressure turbine rotor are dominated by the combined effects of secondary flow and leakage flow at the tip clearance. The leakage flow trends to drive the hotter fluid towards the blade tip on the pressure surface and to the hub on the suction surface, even partial hotter fluid near the pressure surface is also driven to the rotor suction surface through the tip clearance. Compared with the case without rotor tip clearance, the heat load of the low pressure turbine rotor is intensified due to the effects of the leakage flow. And the numerical results also indicate that the leakage flow effect trends to increase the low pressure turbine rotor outlet temperature at the tip region.