• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.531-537
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• 2014

Through-silicon vias (TSVs) are fine, deep holes fabricated for connecting vertically stacked wafers during three-dimensional packaging of semiconductors. Measurement of the TSV geometry is very important because TSVs that are not manufactured as designed can cause many problems, and measuring the critical dimension (CD) of TSVs becomes more and more important, along with depth measurement. Applying white-light scanning interferometry to TSV measurement, especially the bottom CD measurement, is difficult due to the attenuation of light around the edge of the bottom of the hole when using a low numerical aperture. In this paper we propose and demonstrate four bottom CD measurement methods for TSVs: the cross section method, profile analysis method, tomographic image analysis method, and the two-dimensional Gaussian fitting method. To verify and demonstrate these methods, a practical TSV sample with a high aspect ratio of 11.2 is prepared and tested. The results from the proposed measurement methods using white-light scanning interferometry are compared to results from scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements. The accuracy is highest for the cross section method, with an error of 3.5%, while a relative repeatability of 3.2% is achieved by the two-dimensional Gaussian fitting method.

• Plant Resources
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2004

The reduced ratio of red:far-red (R:FR) light acts as a measure of the proximity of competitors and plants can detect the potentially competing neighbor plants by perceiving reflected R:FR signals and initiate the response of “shade avoidance” before actual shading occurs. The phytochrome system is responsible for monitoring the changes in the R:FR and initiating the shade avoidance response. The response to low R:FR ratio was studied in a white aspen Populus alba clone ‘Bolleana’ using two filter systems: a clear plastic filter system that allows a R:FR ratio less than 1.0 to pass from adjacent border plant reflection; and a special commercial plastic that blocks FR light and creates a R:FR ratio above 3.0. The reduced R:FR signals enhanced the stem elongation in response to competition at the expense of relative stem diameter growth. Trees grown inside clear chambers were 27 ％ taller than trees grown inside the FR-blocking filter chambers. Stem taper of clear chamber trees was 16％ less than the FR-blocking filter trees. Low R:FR also induced 22％ more stem dry weight and 13％ greater petiole length per leaf compared to the FR-blocking filter trees. There were no statistically significant differences in leaf area, leaf number increment, and total dry weight between the two light filter treatments.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.102-113
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• 1998

This experiment used chlorophyll fluorescence techniques to assess the effect of irradiant during leaf development on photoinhibition of photosynthesis in Panax ginseng. Seedlings of p. ginseng were grown in the 91asshouse at four shade levels. The maximum mid-day irradiant in each treatment between emergence (January 4) and completion of the experiment (February 25) was 1220, 485, 235, 125 $\mu$mol/$\textrm{m}^2$/s. To assess the rapidity of photosynthetic readaptation to changes in light levels, fluorescence parameters (Fo, F, Fm, Fm', AF/Fm;, Fv/Fm) were measured for three days before and after transfer of plants (on February 21) from each light treatment into each of the other light treatments. Before transfer, dark adapted values of Fv/Fm in the 1220 (0.699) and 485 (0.739) treatments were different from each other and lower than values in the 235 (0.764) and 125 (0.768) treatments, indicating mild photoinhibition. Patterns of change in F during the day also differed between treatments, with low light treatments tracking irradiant levels, but F in the high light treatment (1220) declined in the morning, presumably due to fluorescence quenching. Although plants grown at high irradiant had relatively low photosynthetic efficiency, relative electron transport rate was greater than in lower irradiant treatments. After transfer, plants adopted the daily pattern of change in F of the treatment to which they were moved with little change in absolute levels of F, except in plants transferred from the highest (1220) to the lowest light level (125), where F increased over the course of the three days following transfer. After plants were transferred, Fm' converged on values similar to those in plants raised in the treatments to which they were moved. Values of Fv/Fm in plants moved from low to high light declined dramatically, but there was no decline in plants from 485 moved to 1220. Values of Pv/Fm in plants that were moved from high light to lower light increased to values above those recorded in plants raised in the lower light treatments. Reductions in quantum efficiency caused by photoinhibition at high irradiant may be more than compensated for by higher electron transport rates, although evidence suggests that under high irradiant this tends to be balanced by reduced leaf area and earlier senescence. Chlorophyll fluorescence techniques appear capable of indicating effects of irradiant induced stress in ginseng, yielding results comparable to those obtained with gas exchange techniques but in less time and with greater replication.

• 한국항공운항학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.45-58
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• 2020

According to the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport press release ('18.12.21.) The amendment of the Aviation Business Act will reduce the capital requirements for aviation leisure operators and make it easier to enter aviation leisure businesses by improving regulations on small air transportation business. In addition, as the scale of the UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) sector is expected to increase globally, the dramatic increase in low altitude operating aircraft, including this, must be taken into account. The low altitude aircraft category is divided into small airplanes, helicopters, light aircrafts and ultra-light aircrafts, and instructors include school instructor pilots and student pilots, military and national helicopter pilots, and aviation leisure operators. In case of low altitude aircraft, there are cases of canceling operations due to low visibility and low clouds, and aircraft accidents due to excessive operation and sudden weather phenomenon. Therefore, in order to prevent low-altitude aircraft accidents, a safe flight plan based on weather conditions and weather forecasts and more accurate and local weather forecasts and weather forecast data are needed to prepare for the rapidly changing weather conditions.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.243-249
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• 2022

Background: Mixed breeding herb Viola collina Besser, which produces both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flower, has limited habitats under closed canopy and short and early flowering timing, making it relatively more vulnerable to climate change. To better understand the effect of light and nutrient on the flower formation and vegetative growth of V. collina, a mesocosm experiment was conducted. Two-by-two factorial treatments of two light conditions (100% and 60% of natural light) and two fertilizer treatment conditions (fertilized and not fertilized) were applied in the mesocosm experiment. Results: The number of flowers, including chamogamous and cleistogamous flowers, was highest (5.65/pot) under 60% light and fertilized condition and lowest (1.41/pot) under 100% light and not-fertilized condition. However, above ground vegetative growth was highest (2.89 g/pot) under 100% light and fertilized condition and lowest (2.38 g/pot) under 60% light and not-fertilized condition. Above ground biomass to belowground biomass ratio was highest (1.50) under 60% light and fertilized condition and lowest (1.26) under 100% light and fertilized condition. Conclusions: This study showed that high light and nutrient are responsible for the vegetative growth, though the effect of fertilizer was reduced due to allocation and retainment of nutrients. In addition, the low light is necessary to make flowers, especially chasmogamous flowers.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제53권11호
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• pp.48-55
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• 2016

노트북, 테블릿 PC 및 스마트폰 등의 휴대 기기를 위한 디스플레이의 전력소모를 낮추기 위해, 주변 밝기에 따라서 디스플레이의 밝기를 조정할 수 있는 광 센서 시스템을 연구하였다. 또한, 휴대 기기의 복잡도와 비용에 크게 영향을 주지 않도록, 광 센서 시스템을 디스플레이 패널에 일체형으로 구현하고자 했으며, 이를 위해서 저온 다결정 실리콘 박막트렌지스터를 이용하여 패널에 광 센서와 신호취득 회로를 집적하고자 했다. 주변 밝기를 감지하는 광 센서의 패널 간 편차를 별도의 공정 설비없이 신뢰성 있게 보정할 수 있도록, 새로운 보정 방식을 제안하였다. 이와 더불어 최종 데이터를 디지털화하기 위한 아날로그-디지털 변환기를 포함한 신호취득 회로를 제안하고 검증하였다. 제안하는 회로는 집적하기에 적합하도록 간단한 구동 신호로 동작되며, 인식 가능한 입력 밝기는 10에서 10,000 lux까지이다. 제안하는 신호취득 회로의 신호취득 주파수는 100Hz이며, 20개의 출력 레벨에 대한 최대 차등 불균일 오차는 0.5 LSB 이하이다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.63-67
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• 2015

백색 발광 다이오드는 조명과 통신이 동시에 가능하여 많은 주목을 받고 있다. 본 논문에서는 고출력 백색 LED와 저가형 광 다이오드, 프레넬 렌즈로 구성된 가시광 통신의 특성을 연구하였다. LED 구동회로는 고전력 MOSFET과 MOSFET 전용 구동칩을 사용하여 LED가 고속으로 온오프 되게 스위칭 하였다. 사용한 LED의 대역폭은 8 MHz로 측정되었다. 그러나 실내 조명환경을 고려한 500 lx 조도 하에서 통신 속도는 PIN 광 다이오드인 SFH213의 낮은 스펙트럼 감도와 낮은 신호전력으로 인해 1 Mbps까지만 가능하였다. 시스템 대역폭을 확장하기 위하여 프레넬 렌즈를 적용한 경우 수신단의 PIN 광 다이오드에 LED의 집광된 광 전력이 입사되도록 하여 LED의 대역폭까지 변조될 수 있었다. 프레넬 렌즈에 의한 신호대 잡음비는 40 dB 이상 향상되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.657-664
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• 1997

432 Babcock ISA white leghorn pullets reared for 8 weeks on a standard managemental conditions were exposed to feed/nutrient and light restrictions from 9 to 20 weeks of age. Four feeding regimes i. e. 100, 85 or 70 percent of the recommended allowance and low energy (2,500 Kcal/kg) low protein (13% CP) ration were fed each in the three light regimes i. e. (A) Natural day light starting from 13.24 hr/day at 8 weeks of age and ending 10.41 hr/day at the end of 20 weeks; (B) Constant 11 hr/day light and (C) starting with 13 hr/day at 8 weeks and decreasing @ 20 min/week till 20 weeks of age. At the age of 20 weeks all the birds were shifted to separate cages under uniform lighting feeding and management. During the 21st week light was increased to 12 hr a day and thereafter with an increase of 30 min per week, increased to 16 hr a day at the age of 29 weeks. From 20 weeks onward till 72 week age, all the birds were offered commercial layer rations ad libitum, prepared according to climatic conditions. The results of the study revealed that birds reared under natural and constant light had higher weights than decreasing light, yet they could not out perform during production period. The effect of feed and nutrient restriction, on the other hand, was found significant during rearing as well as production period. The birds exposed to higher level of feed and those exposed to nutrient restriction were lighter in weight. The 100% fed birds laid their first egg at an early age. However, those reared on 85% of the recommendation excelled all other groups in terms of produced number of eggs, egg mass, hen housed and hen day production and net returns.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2003

This study was carried cut to get basic data of troubles in starting and supply of farm diesel engines in cold winter. The results of the study are summarized as follows: 1. As the result of farm survey. the proportions of farms which had starting problems or troubles in fuel supply in cold winter for the last 5 years were 38% for the farms with power-tillers and 32% for the farms with tractors. Most of the farms which had starting problems or troubles in fuel supply in cold winter used light oil for summer. spring or fall rather than for winter. 2. As the result of fuel supply test, fuel supply was stopped at -6$^{\circ}C$ and -18$^{\circ}C$ for summer light oil and winter light oil. respectively 3. The lowest temperatures of winter light oil for starting engine were -7.5$^{\circ}C$ for power-tiller. -12.5$^{\circ}C$ for tractor of 38ps, and -17.5$^{\circ}C$ for tractor of 45ps. which were 5~7.5$^{\circ}C$ lower than that of summer light oil. 4. The performance of engine starting and the trouble of fuel supply system at lower temperature were significantly improved by using winter hight oil rather than summer light oil.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.454-458
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• 2005

Light railway system has many characteristics of better accessibility, frequency service, low construction cost, reduced air pollution and medium capacity public transport etc. Light railway system as a urban transportation system has been glowing worldwide since the late 20th century. More than 300 cities around the world have light railway systems. Many medium-size cities in domestic site is planning the construction of light railway. This paper reviews the domestic and foreign light railway system.