• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.67-73
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• 2014

Mulberry fruits were semi-dried using hot air ($60-100^{\circ}C$) or cool air ($20-40^{\circ}C$), and the effects of the drying temperature and processing time on the quality of the final dried mulberry fruits were investigated. Response surface methodology was employed to establish a statistical model and predict the conditions resulting in minimal loss of the total phenolic content (TPC) and ascorbic acid. Thus, using overlapped contour plots, the optimal conditions for producing semi-dried mulberry fruits, which reduced the moisture residue to 45% and minimized the nutrient losses of TPC and ascorbic acid, were determined for the hot-air process ($60.7^{\circ}C$ for 5.4 h) and cool-air process ($34.8^{\circ}C$ for 23.3 h). Plus, a higher drying temperature was found to lead to a faster loss of moisture and ascorbic acid, while the TPC was significantly decreased in the cool-air dried mulberry fruits due to the higher activity of polyphenol oxidase between 30 and $40^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.2
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• pp.244-253
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• 2021

This study aimed to investigate quality characteristics of hot-air dried persimmon during the drying period in 'Bansi' and 'Godongsi'. These cultivars were classified into four grades: 2L, L, M, and S based on the fruit weight. Weight loss, firmness, soluble solid content (SSC), and moisture contents were measured during the hot-air drying period. The weight loss significantly increased during the drying period (p<0.05), while there was no difference between cultivars. In the initial drying period, the firmness decreased due to softening during the ripening stage and increased significantly due to hardening during the water loss stage. Regardless of the cultivars, the SSC increased from 19.6% in the initial period to 55.3% at 12 days after drying. Moisture content statistically decreased in both cultivars over the whole drying period. It took 4 days and 8~10 days to produce semi-dried persimmon (45~55% moisture content) and dried persimmon (25~35% moisture content) in both cultivars. These results could be effectively used as basic data for producing high-quality semi-dried and dried persimmons using the hot-air drying method in 'Bansi' and 'Godongsi'.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.312-317
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• 2019

In order to obtain basic data on the shelf life of Epimedii Herba (EH), a physicochemical characteristics including weight loss rate, loss on drying, ash, acid-insoluble ash, and quantitative determination were evaluated to compare the data by packaging methods including general (G), general + silica gel (GS), alumium (AL), and alumium + silica gel (ALS) packaging and storage periods (0-66 months). All physicochemical analyzes were conducted using the method of "The Korean Pharmacopoeia (KP) 9^th edition". As a result, weight loss rate (%), loss on drying (%), ash (%), acid-insoluble ash (%) of EH according to the packaging methods and storage periods were -0.27-4.73%, 3.06-9.35%, 5.48-7.37%, and 0.45-0.99, respectively. In the quantitative analysis of icariin, the marker compound of EH using high-performance liquid chromatography, the initial content was 0.44% at 0 month in all packaging methods. After that, the result of analyzing the content of icariin every 6 months was detected 0.44-1.18%. All of the above results satisfied the acceptance criteria for loss on drying, ash, acid-insoluble ash, and quantification contained in the KP. This study can be used as a basic data for establishing the packaging method and shelf life of EH.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1615-1622
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• 2014

An accurate assessment of moisture content in feed ingredients is important because moisture influences the nutritional evaluation of feedstuffs. The objective of this study was to evaluate various methods for moisture content determination. In Exp. 1, the weight loss on drying (LOD) of corn, soybean meal (SBM), distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), whey permeate, whey powder, spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP), fish meal, and a mixed diet of these 7 ingredients were measured by oven drying at $135^{\circ}C$ for 2 h. Additionally, the samples were dried at $105^{\circ}C$ for 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 h. The LOD contents of the DDGS, whey permeate, and whey powder measured by drying at $135^{\circ}C$ for 2 h were greater than the values measured by drying at $105^{\circ}C$ for 3 h (p<0.05). All samples except SDPP (p = 0.70) dried at $105^{\circ}C$ for 6, 9, 12, or 15 h caused more LOD compared with the samples dried for at $105^{\circ}C$ for 3 h (p<0.05). The LOD contents of the individual ingredients were additive when dried at $105^{\circ}C$ regardless of drying time. In Exp. 2, moisture contents of corn, SBM, wheat, whey permeate, whey powder, lactose, and 2 sources of DDGS (DDGS1 and DDGS2) were measured by the Karl Fischer method, oven drying at $135^{\circ}C$ for 2 h, and oven drying at $125^{\circ}C$, $115^{\circ}C$, $105^{\circ}C$, or $95^{\circ}C$ for increasing drying time from 1 to 24 h. Drying samples at $135^{\circ}C$ for 2 h resulted in higher moisture content in whey permeate (7.5% vs 3.0%), whey powder (7.7% vs 3.8%), DDGS1 (11.4% vs 7.5%), and DDGS2 (13.1% vs 8.8%) compared with the Karl Fischer method (p<0.05). Whey permeate and whey powder were considerably darkened as the drying time increased. In conclusion, drying samples at $135^{\circ}C$ for 2 h is not appropriate for determining the moisture content in whey permeate, whey powder, or DDGS as well as the mixed diet containing these ingredients. The oven-drying method at $105^{\circ}C$ for 5 to 6 h appears to be appropriate for whey permeate and whey powder, and at $105^{\circ}C$ for 2 to 3 h for DDGS.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 2016

Drying of granules for tablet formulation is one of the important unit operations. The loss on drying method is traditionally used for this purpose. However, it is a time-consuming method, requiring at least 1 h. Moreover, it is ineffective in monitoring the moisture content of granules during the drying process. In this study, online real-time monitoring of moisture content during the drying process was successfully performed using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. NIR spectra were collected during 15 different drying batches for developing a reliable NIR spectroscopic method. Such a large number of batches were used to develop a more robust partial least squares (PLS) model. NIR spectra collected from 12 batches were used for developing the model that was validated by predicting the moisture content of the samples in the remaining 3 batches. The standard errors of predictions (SEPs) in the measurement of batch 1, batch 2, and batch 3 were 0.52%, 0.57%, and 0.56%, respectively. The online NIR spectroscopic method developed in this study was reliable and accurate in monitoring the moisture content during the drying process.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.98-103
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• 2015

The reduction of the energy consumption in papermaking process become more important issue because of the regulation of green house gas (GHG) emission. Since more than half of energy for papermaking process is consumed during drying process, the increase of the drying efficiency would be very important solution for saving energy and reduction of GHG emission. The improvement of drying efficiency could be very difficult for the liner board mill because the liner board are usually made of recycled paper, OCC (old corrugated container). The short fiber and fines originated the OCC lead to compact sheet structure and delay the water flow out during wet pressing process and drying process. The application of lignocellulose spacer could provide more loose wet sheet structure and result in the higher drainage rate and the improved drying efficiency. In this study, the effects of the application of lignocellulose spacer to the liner board mill were evaluated based on the mill trial. In order to overcome the common disadvantage of the spacer, the loss of strength properties, the spacer was pretreated with amphoteric polyelectrolyte during mill trial. The results showed the application of pretreated spacer improved the drying efficiency by reducing steam consumption. And the loss in the strength properties by the spacer could be supplemented by the pretreatment.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.3.1-3.9
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• 2018

Background: Poultry breeding has increased by 306% in Korea, inevitably increasing the production of manure which may contribute to environmental pollution. The nutrients (NP) in the manure are essential for crop cultivation and soil fertility when applied as compost. Excess nutrients from manure can be accumulated on the land and can lead to eutrophication. Therefore, a nutrient load on the finite land should be calculated. Methods: This study calculates the nutrient production from Korean poultry by investigating 11 broiler and 16 laying hen farms. The broiler manure was composted using deep litter composting while for layer deep litter composting, drying, and simple static pile were in practice. The effect of weight reduction and storing period during composting was checked. Three weight reduction cases of compost were constructed to calculate nutrient loading coefficients (NLCs) using data from; i) farm investigation, ii) theoretical P changes (${\Delta}P=0$), and iii) dry basis. Results: During farm investigation of broiler and layer with deep litter composting, there was a 68 and 21% N loss whereas 77 and 33% P loss was found, respectively. In case of layer composting, a loss of 10-56% N and a 52% P loss was observed. Drying manure increased the P concentrations therefore NLCs calculated using dry basis that showed quite higher reductions (67% N; 53% P). Nutrient loss from farm investigation was much higher than reported by Korean Ministry of Environment (ME). Conclusions: Nutrients in manure are decreased when undergo storing or composting process due to microbial action, drying, and leaching. The nutrient load applied to soil is less than the fresh manure, hence the livestock manure management and conservation of environment would be facilitated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.1109-1112
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• 2000

A field experiment was carried out to determine the effects of mechanical and chemical conditioning at mowing on field drying rate and quality of grass hay in 1996. Mower conditioner and/or chemical drying agent $(K_2CO_3)$ were used at different harvest stages (late boot, heading and bloom stages) for hastening hay-making. After field drying, square bales were made by hay baler, and the visual estimation and nutritive value of hay were evaluated after storing two months. In mower conditioning, the duration of field drying was shortened by 0.5 to 1 day compared with drying agent, and by 1 to 2 days compared with control. The drying matter loss of hay was reduced by late harvest and mechanical conditioning. The visual score (leafiness, green color, odor and softness), and acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), in vitro dry matter digestibllity (IVDMD), and relative feed value (RFV) of hay were improved with mechanical conditioning, but chemical alone had little effect on quality. The quality of hay harvested at bloom stage was much lower than that of hay harvested at late boot and heading stage. In conclusion, mower conditioning can enhance the field drying rate of grass hay, however the drying efficiency of chemical drying agent is very low. Also the effects of chemical/mechanical combined conditioning are very similar compared with mechanical conditioning alone. Harvesting at late boot to heading stage is recommended for the production of high quality hay.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.555-564
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• 1990

The headspace gas chromatographic(analytical) technique was used to evaluate the retention of volatiles in fruit juices during freeze drying as a function of freezing rate, the content of initial solid and chamber pressure. The effects of freezing rate and drying time on the volatile retention under the experimental conditions were marked, particulary at long freezing time. The retention of volatiles in the freeze dried was largely affected by the freezing rate. The highest volatile loss under the freeze drying conditions was observed during the first stage of drying. The behavior during freeze drying of the volatile substances was affected by high content of initial solid. The volatile retention was higher in quick freeze drying than slow freeze drying and low pressure than high.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.55-55
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• 1976

An experimental work was conducted to develop an optimum operating system of various hay drying systems ; sun-drying with long hay, sun-drying after chopping, sun-drying after crushing, heated air drying after chopping using batch-type dryer and heated air drying after crushing using tunnel-type dryer. Seombody having 60 cm long and initial moisture content of approximately 79 % in wet basis was used for the experiment. The criteria selected for determining the optimum operating condition were the drying performance rate, the production cost and quality of dried matter of each drying systems. The result of this study are summarized as follows : 1. Drying characteristics of leaves of long stem hay, chopped seombody and crushed one were obtained by maintaining the oven temperature at 70 degrees centigrade. The required drying times for various samples to approximately 15% moisture content in wet basis were about 50 min .for leaves ; 160 min. for crushed hay ; 250 min. for chopped hay ; 340min. for ling hay and more than 360 min .for stems. The drying time of crushed hay was required about 50 % of that for the uncrushed long hay. Such a significant difference of drying of time between the leaf and long stem may indicate that an effective drying of seombody may not be achieved unless any kind of special process treatment for the whole hay is undertaken. 2. In each individual drying system, the following conclusions were drawn: a. After 8 days sun-drying on concrete floor under good days with average tempe?rature at $256{\circ}C$ and relative humidity at 55% at 2 P.M., the moisture content of long hay was still above 25 5'~ and the leaf loss during drying caused by wind and rough handling was more than 50 ~G. b. It was possible to dry the chopped seombody by sun-drying down to about 10 % moisture content within 5 days, however, a stock of heat and discolouration phenomena were observed during the drying, which may be due to the increased deposit-density by chopping, resulting in lowering the quality of the dried product. c. Sun-drying for the crushed material by hay-conditioner was required about 4 days to reduce the moisture content to about 10 %, keeping the quality of dried product at good grade. o. The optimum deposit-depth of the chopped seombody in the batch-type dryer used was about 28cm with about 42kg/hr of drying performance rate. However, it was necessary to overturn the materials between the upper and lower layers in order to obtain a good quality of dried product. d. The drying performance rate by the tunnel-type drier was highest among those of drying systems tested, giving the rate of approximately 400kg/day. 3. On reviewing the individual drying system for seombody, it was possible to draw conclusion that the best system was tunnel drying with the crushed seombody as far as the performance rate was concerned. However, the methods gives the highest operational cost. The system for the lowest operational cost with good quality of dried product was the sun-drying with the crushed material. Accordingly, it may be recommended that the system of sun-drying for the crushed seombody may be the most feasible system presently applicable to farm-level operation.