• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.173-180
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• 2001

이방압밀이 실트질모래의 정적재하에 의한 유동파괴거동에 미치는 영향을 연구하기 위하여 비배수삼축압축시험을 수행하였다. 이를 위하여 상대밀도가 약 17%인 공시체를 습윤다짐방법에 의해서 성형하고 4가지의 압밀응력비, 1.0, 0.7, 0.55, $K_{o}$ 로서 압밀시켰다. 시험결과로서 정상상태선은 p-q 공간상에서 압밀응력비에 관계없이 유일한 직선이며 collapse line의 기울기는 압밀응력비가 증가함에 따라 선형적으로 감소한다는 사실을 보여준다. 또한, 유동파괴거동을 보이는 느슨하게 다져진 실트질모래의 잔류강도($S_{us}$ )와 첨두강도($S^{p}$ )와의 관계는 압밀응력비의 크기에 관계없이 $S_{p}$ /$p_{c}$ = $A_{L}$ +$B_{L}$ ($S_{us}$ /$p_{c}$ )로 표현되는 일반식으로 나타낼 수 있으며 계수 $A_{L}$ 및 $B_{L}$은 압밀응력비의 크기에 따라 선형적으로 변하는 경향을 나타낸다.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.33-47
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• 2024

Offshore wind structures are subject to long-term repeated horizontal loads from wind, waves, and currents, making it essential to consider these loads in the design of offshore foundations. In this respect, monopiles are large-diameter hollow steel pipes that are relatively simple to construct compared with piles used on onshore sites. They can provide stable support for wind structures and have well-established design codes, leading to their widespread use globally. The behavior of monopiles under lateral static loads is typically assessed using the p-y method proposed by the American Petroleum Institute (API). However, the applicability of p-y curves to large-diameter monopiles exposed to repeated cyclic horizontal loads, such as those experienced in offshore wind applications, must yet be evaluated. Thus, this study evaluated the behavior of monopiles under two-way cyclic horizontal loads in loose silty sand, a representative soil type of the southwestern coast of Korea, using centrifuge model tests. The results demostrated that the behavior of monopiles varied depending on the loading level, number of cycles, and direction of the cyclic loads. Furthermore, the p-y curve method proposed by the API overestimated the behavior of a large-diameter monopile installed in silty sand under two-way cyclic loads.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.51-59
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• 2010

This article is a case study for the example of the foundation design, in the project area of the silty sand layer that is spread shallowly with loose status, to make the site for a structure and build it up. The site is located on the dredged and reclaimed land in Gun-San and In-Cheon that is formed the silty sand layer with loose status range around 10 meters underground level, the solid ground for the lower pile is shown around 20 meters underground level. Therefore, this area has to be done by ground improvement when applying for the shallow method of foundation. Dynamic compaction method considering the conditions of the design loads in each zone has to be decided through comparative review on the method of foundations and pilot field test was conducted, and drilling investigation and plate bearing test were achieved as well. The analysis results of the tests prove that stability against bearing capacity was acquired by ground improvement effect.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.505-520
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• 2022

In recent years, geotextile-encased gravel columns (usually called stone columns) have become a popular method to increasing soil shear strength, decreasing the settlement, acceleration of the rate of consolidation, reducing the liquefaction potential and increasing the bearing capacity of foundations. The behavior of improved loose base-soil with gravel columns under shear loading and the shear stress-horizontal displacement curves got from large scale direct shear test are of great importance in understanding the performance of this method. In the present study, by performing 36 large-scale direct shear tests on sandy base-soil with different fine-content of zero to 30% in both not improved and improved with gravel columns, the effect of the presence of gravel columns in the loose soils were investigated. The results were used to predict the shear stress-horizontal displacement curve of these samples using support vector machines (SVM). Variables such as the non-plastic fine content of base-soil (FC), the area replacement ratio of the gravel column (Arr), the geotextile encasement and the normal stress on the sample were effective factors in the shear stress-horizontal displacement curve of the samples. The training and testing data of the model showed higher power of SVM compared to multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network in predicting shear stress-horizontal displacement curve. After ensuring the accuracy of the model evaluation, by introducing different samples to the model, the effect of different variables on the maximum shear stress of the samples was investigated. The results showed that by adding a gravel column and increasing the Arr, the friction angle (ϕ) and cohesion (c) of the samples increase. This increase is less in base-soil with more FC, and in a proportion of the same Arr, with increasing FC, internal friction angle and cohesion decreases.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.479-487
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• 2022

This study evaluates the performance of gravel impact compaction piers system (GICPs) in strengthening retrofitting a very loose silty sand layer with a very high liquefaction risk with a thickness of 3.5 meters in a multilayer coastal soil located in Bushehr, Iran. The liquefiable sandy soil layer was located on clay layers with moderate to very stiff relative consistency. Implementation of gravel impact compaction piers is a new generation of aggregate piers. After technical and economic evaluation of the site plan, out of 3 experimental distances of 1.8, 2 and 2.2 meters between compaction piers, the distance of 2.2 meters was selected as a winning option and the northern ring of the site was implemented with 1250 gravel impact compaction piers. Based on the results of the standard penetration test in the matrix soil around the piers showed that the amount of (N₁)₆₀ in compacted soils was in the range of 20-27 and on average 14 times the amount of (1-3) in the initial soil. Also, the relative density of the initial soil was increased from 25% to 63% after soil improvement. Also the safety factor of the improved soil is 1.5-1.7 times the minimum required according to the two risk levels in the design.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.145-156
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• 2019

Since behaviors of loose, dense, silty sands vary under seismic loading, understanding the liquefaction mechanism of sandy soils continues to be an important challenges of geotechnical earthquake engineering. In this study, 36 deformation controlled cyclic simple shear tests were performed and the liquefaction potential of the sands was investigated using three different relative densities (40, 55, 70%), four different effective stresses (25, 50, 100, 150 kPa) and three different shear strain amplitudes (2, 3.5, 5%) by using energy based approach. Experiments revealed the relationship between per unit volume dissipated energy with effective stress, relative density and shear strain. The dissipate energy per unit volume was much less affected by shear strain than effective stress and relative density. In other words, the dissipated energy is strongly dependent on relative density and effective stress. These results show that the dissipated energy per unit volume is very useful and may contain the non-uniform loading conditions of the earthquake spectrum. When multiple regression analysis is performed on experiment results, a relationship is proposed that gives liquefaction energy of sandy soils depending on relative density and effective stress parameters.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.35-48
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• 1993

This paper was focused on the design and construction of stone columns as a method of reinforcements in slightly soft clay or loose silty sand overlying the firm strata. It was intended to find out the effects of soil improvement by field tests in Kwangmyoung Haan Site by comparing the test results performed before and after the installation of stone columns . The results of this experimental study are as follows : the hearing capacity was increased by 3.33 times and the SPT N -valued was increased by 3.9 times by installing the stone columns : the stone column method can cut down the construction cost almost 35% compared to the precast concrete pile method in economic viewpoints.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.219-231
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• 2022

Geotechnical materials such as silt, fine sand, or coarse granular soils may be unstable under undrained shearing or during rainfall infiltration starting an unsaturated state. Some researches are available describing the instability of coarse granular soils in drained or undrained conditions. However, there is a need to investigate the instability mechanism of unsaturated silty soil considering the effect of degree of compaction and net confining stress under partially and fully drained conditions. The specimens in the current study are compacted at 65%, 75%, & 85% degree of compaction, confined at pressures of 60, 80 & 120 kPa, and tested in partially and fully drained conditions. The tests have been performed in two steps. In Step-I, the specimens were sheared in constant water content conditions (a type of partially drained test) to the maximum shear stress. In Step-II, shearing was carried in constant suction conditions (a type of fully undrained test) by keeping shear stress constant. At the start of Step-II, PWP was increased in steps to decrease matric suction (which was then kept constant) and start water infiltration. The test results showed that soil instability is affected much by variation in the degree of compaction and confining stresses. It is also observed that loose and medium dense soils are vulnerable to pre-failure instability i.e., instability occurs before reaching the failure state, whereas, instability in dense soils instigates together with the failure i.e., failure line (FL) and instability line (IL) are found to be unique.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2000

Stone columns is ground improvement method which is composed of compacted gravel or crushed stone inserted into the soft ground consisting of loose sand and clay by replacement method. Generally stone columns are constructed in silty clay, above 70% replacement rate for increasing the bearing capacity and shear strength. Low replacement stone columns method is limited below 30% at replacement rate-premising strength increase of clay ground is estimated efficiently. This study, laboratory model tests were conducted to investigate the consolidation drainage promotion and shear strength increase effect in soft ground with replacement rate by stone columns. The settlement reduction effect and settlement reduction coefficients increase with increasing the replacement rate in composite ground. The results of model tests indicate that consolidation promotion effect is proved. The increasing strength of composite ground was verified by vane shear tests.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.61-68
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• 2006

Recently the large scale civil engineering projects are being implemented by reclaiming the sea or utilizing seashore and river embankment areas. The reclaimed land and utilized seashore are mostly soft ground that doesn't have sufficient bearing capacity. This soft ground consists of fine-grained soil such as clayey and silty soils or large void soil like peat or loose sand. It has high ground water table and it may cause the failure and crock of building foundation by uplift pressure and ground water leakage. In this study, the permittivity and the transmissivity were evaluated with the applied normal pressure in the laboratory. The laboratory model tests were conducted by utilizing geocomposite drainage system for draining the water out to release the uplift pressure. The soil used in the laboratory drainage test was dredged soil from the reclaimed land where uplift pressure problems can arise in soil condition. Geocomposite drainage system was installed at the bottom of apparatus and dredged soil was layered with compaction. Subsequently the water pressure was supplied from the top of specimen and the quantities of drainage and the pore water pressure were measured at each step water pressure. The results of laboratory measurements were compared with theoretical values. For the evaluation of propriety of laboratory drainage test, 2-D finite elements analysis that can analyze the distribution and the transferring of pore water pressure was conducted and compared with laboratory test results.