• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.573-582
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• 2013

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to establish the reliability and validity of the Wheelchair User's Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI), which was translated into Korean for long-term wheelchair users. This index measured 15 functional activities, including transfer, self-care, wheelchair mobility and general activities. METHODS: To assess test-retest reliability, 23 long-term wheelchair users completed this self-administered index twice within the same day. Reliability was determined by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Cronbach's alpha was used to measure internal consistency. To examine concurrent validity, 21 long-term wheelchair users completed the questionnaire, and we examined the correlation between the index score and the shoulder range of motion measurements. RESULT: The results showed that the intraclass correlation for test-retest reliability of the total index score ranging from .88 to .99 was good to excellent. Additionally, Cronbach's alpha was .96. The internal consistency indicated excellent. Concurrent validity showed negative correlations of total index score to range of motion measurements of shoulder flexion (rho=-.58), extension (rho=-.09), abduction (rho=-.59), external rotation (rho=-.07) and internal rotation (rho=-.3), suggesting a relationship of total index score to loss of shoulder range of motion. CONCLUSION: The Korean WUSPI shows not only high reliability and internal consistency, but also concurrent validity with loss of shoulder flexion and abduction.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.333-341
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• 2021

Benzodiazepines (BDZs) drugs act on the GABA_A receptor, function as nerve suppressors, and are used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and panic disorder. We analyzed the data of 30 individuals to determine any differences in the sleep-electroencephalogram findings among individuals varying in age, benzodiazepine use, and duration of benzodiazepine use. Comparisons between users and non-users of benzodiazepines, short-term and long-term users, older and younger users, and older short-term and older long-term users, were achieved using electroencephalographic findings obtained through polysomnography. The parameters evaluated included sleep latency, sleep efficiency, sleep-stage percentages, number of sleep spindles, and average frequency of sleep-spindle. The difference between benzodiazepine users and non-users was significant with respect to sleep-stage percentages and average frequency of sleep-spindle. Older and younger users differed significantly with respect to sleep efficiency and sleep-stage percentages, whereas significant difference for sleep efficiency was obtained between long-term and short-term users. Taken together, our results indicate that BDZ consumption suppresses slow-wave sleep and increases the frequency of sleep spindles.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.64 no.9
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• pp.1276-1280
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• 2015

Among the various statistical factors for South Korea, the population has been steadily decreased by lower birthrate. Nevertheless, the number of household is constantly increasing amid population aging and single life style. In general, residential electricity use is more the result of the number of household than the population. Therefore, residential electricity consumption is expected to be far higher for decades to come. The existing long-term load forecasting, however, do not necessarily reflect the growth of single and two-member households. In this respect, this paper proposes the long-term load forecasting for residential users considering the effect of changes of the housing type, and in the case study the changes of the residential load pattern is analyzed for accurate long-term load forecasting.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.231-244
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• 1999

This study examined the effects of short and long term playing of video gamer on children's visual parallel processing. All of the 64 fourth grade subjects were above average in IQ. They were classified into high and low video game users. Instruments were a visual parallel processing task consisting of imagery integration items, computers, and the arcade video game, Pac-Man. Subjects were pre-tested with a visual parallel processing task. After one week, the experimental group played video games for 15 minutes, but the control group didn't play. Immediately following this, all children were post-tested by the same task used on the pretest. The data was analyzed by ANCOVA and repeated measures ANOVA. The results showed that relaying short-term video games improved visual parallel processing and that long term experience with video games also affected visual parallel processing. there were no differences between high and low users in visual parallel processing after playing short term video games.

• 한국경영정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.493-517
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• 2008

The purpose of this research is to identify effect of communication strategy as effectively communication method which is decreasing Internet Web site users' perceived information privacy concerns as important factor affecting to positive behavior or behavioral intentions on long-term relational outcome perspectives. This study suggests alternatives concepts and causal relationship about information privacy issues. First, it addressed collaborative communication strategy (CCS) model of effective communication method for Web site's IPP to users. Second, it provided comparing and integrating streams of information privacy research on long-term relational outcomes perspective. Third, it assessed effectiveness of Web site's IPP on organization legitimacy ensured continuous survival of organization. A research model was proposed and subsequent hypotheses were empirically tested with partial least square (PLS) based on 684 responses from the users of 21 Internet Website among entirely finance, recruit, portal /e-store Web site. It was learned that CCS(as a communication method) and relationship quality(representing long-term relational outcomes)was positively associated with decreasing user's IPC more than privacy risk. Also, legitimacy to information privacy practice positively associated with willingness to information providing more than negative effect of IPC. Lastly, their association strength was partially moderated by the type of real information sensitivity.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2015

We conducted a long-term and short-term usability testing on the built-in speech synthesizer of a screen-reader for the people with visual impairments. A total of 20 persons with visual impairments participated in the short-term usability testing, and 10 of them participated in the long-term usability testing. Naturalness and clarity of the synthetic speech were evaluated by MOS scores, preference for various synthetic speeches was examined through a preference test, and the users' satisfaction level and other requirements for the synthetic speech were evaluated by open feedback. We also examined naturalness, clarity, preference, and user requirements for the synthetic speech through a long-term usability testing. Then, we compare and contrast the long-term and short-term usability testing results.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.30-42
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• 2010

In this work we consider the problem of downlink resource allocation for proportional fairness of long term received rates of data users and quality of service for real time sessions in an OFDMA-based wireless system. The base station allocates available power and subchannels to individual users based on long term average received rates, quality of service (QoS) based rate constraints and channel conditions. We formulate and solve a joint bandwidth and power optimization problem, solving which provides a performance improvement with respect to existing resource allocation algorithms. We propose schemes for flat as well as frequency selective fading cases. Numerical evaluation results show that the proposed method provides better QoS to voice and video sessions while providing more and fair rates to data users in comparison with existing schemes.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.81-96
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• 2016

This study analyzes how breach fee under long-term contract and/or cap regulation on the breach fee can affect the impacts of "Mobile Device Distribution Improvement Act" on handset bundle price, average revenue per unit (ARPU), and social welfare. We conduct comparative analysis with an economic model of duopoly competition in price when users are under long-term contract and the breach fee can be regulated. The results show that the Act lowers the equilibrium prices, lower than incumbent price without the Act. Price of non-dominant Mobile Network Operator (MNO) can be lower than poaching price without the Act if significant portion of switching cost is breach fee or the market is significantly asymmetric. Under the significant circumstances, the Act can raise ARPU even though it improves social welfare. By contrast, the Act increases consumer surplus without affecting social welfare if breach fee is the only source of user's switching cost and is capped by the regulation, and more symmetric market and the stronger cap leads to higher consumer surplus.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2022

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), a potent gastric acid inhibitor, are widely used in gastric acid-related diseases such as gastroesophageal reflux disease and peptic ulcer, and are known as the most frequently used drugs worldwide. However, as the frequency of use increases, the number of cases of long-term PPI therapy without clear indications is increasing. Recently, there have been concerns about the risk of gastric cancer in patients with long-term PPI users. Potential mechanisms for the association between PPI and gastric cancer include enterochromaffin-like cell proliferation due to hypergastrinemia caused by gastric acid suppression, progression of atrophic gastritis, and corpus-predominant type through interaction with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Several epidemiologic studies showed controversial results on the issue, and it is difficult to prove a causal relationship between PPI and gastric cancer. Nevertheless, long-term PPI should be administered cautiously based on individual risk-benefit profile, specifically among those with history of H. pylori infection, in high-risk region of gastric cancer.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.79-91
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• 2013

The market for a payday advance, regarded as both a convenient and short term-loan for immediate financial help, has grown incredibly since the 1990's. Despite its popularity by borrowers and the possible benefits, it has received negative publicity. Some borrowers have been caught in a debt trap for a long-term period and at tripledigit interest rates. The objective of this study is to shed light on the borrowers' profiles and their demand for a payday advance. Based on the 2010 household level data from the U.S. Federal Reserve Board, this study finds that payday advance users are pronounced as seemingly risky people. Payday advance users tend to be college drop-outs, African Americans, and non-homeowners compared to non-payday advance users. They are more likely to overspend above their income and have a favorable attitude toward conspicuous spending than non-payday advance users. They tend not to shop at all nor perform even moderate shopping for credit before using a payday advance service as opposed to non-payday advance users.