• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.171-182
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• 2018

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the crops widely planted in tropical and subtropical areas. The papaya fruit has low calories and are plentiful in vitamins A and C and in minerals. A major problem in papaya production is a plant disease caused by the papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). The first PRSV-resistant GM papaya expressing a PRSV coat protein gene was developed by USA scientists in 1992. The first commercial GM papaya cultivars derived from the event was approved by the US government in 1997. Development of transgenic papayas has been focused on vaccine production and limited agricultural traits, including insect and pathogen resistance, long shelf life, and aluminum and herbicide tolerance. Approximately 17 countries, including the USA and China, produced transgenic papayas and/or commercialized them, which provoked studies on biosafety assessment and development of GM-detection technologies. For the biosafety assessment of potential effects on human health, effects of long-term feeding to model animals have been studied in terms of toxicity and allergenicity. Studies on environmental safety assessment include influence on soil-microbial biodiversity and transfer to soil bacteria of GM selection markers. Many countries, such as Korea, the European Union, and Japan, that have strict regulations for GM crops have serious concerns about unintended introduction of GM cultivars and food commodities using unauthorized GM crops. Transgene- and/or GM event-specific molecular markers and technologies for genomics-based detection of unauthorized GM papaya have been developed and have resulted in the robust detection of GM papayas.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2006

Background : Hemoptysis, when massive and untreated, has a mortality rate of over 50 percents, is considered as one of most dreaded of all respiratory emergencies and can have a variety of underlying causes. Bronchial artery embolization (BAE) has become an established procedure in the management of massive and recurrent hemoptysis, and its efficacy is widely documented thereafter by number of articles. However, the long-term success rate of BAE is known to be unfavorable. Risk factors influencing that control failure are inevitably needed. Materials and methods : Seventy-five patients underwent bronchial artery embolization due to massive hemoptysis in Severance Hospital from Jan. 2000 to Jan. 2005. Nine patients' data were not available and could not be contacted with. Finally 66 patients' (48 males, 18 females) medical records were analyzed retrospectively during a mean follow up period of 20.4 months (ranging from 1 month to 54 months). Results : Among 66 patients whose data were available, 23(34.9%) patients had recurrent major hemoptysis. Patients' age, sex, underlying disease, previous intervention history, and number of feeding vessels had no statistical validity as risk factors of recurred major hemoptysis. But bilaterality of lesion, amount of hemoptysis, and pleural thickening were revealed as meaningful factors for predicting relapse (p = 0.008, 0.018, and 0.001, respectively). Conclusion : According to our series, patients presenting with larger amount of hemoptysis, pleural thickening of chest radiography and bilateral lesion are associated with increased risk of major hemoptysis in patients treated with BAE.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.113-125
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• 1984

The long-term effects of vegetable and animal high fat diet on the lipid metabolism were investigated in male weaning rats. The rats were fed one of four semipurified diet ad libitum : control diet supplied 12% of calories as fat(control group), low fat diet supplied 3% of calories as fat(3% F group), 45% corn oil diet supplied 45% calories from corn oil(45% C group) and 45% butter fat diet supplied 45% calories from butte. fat(45% B group). The weights of liver, content of triacylglycerol(TG), total cholesterol and phospholipid(PL) in liver were investigated. The weight of liver of rats, fed 45% corn oil at 12 weeks and fed 45% butter fat for all period of diet were higher than that of control group. The contents of TG in liver of rats, fed 45% corn oil from 8 weeks and fed 45% butter fat for all period of diet were higher than that of control group. The levels of TG in liver of rats fed 45% butter fat were higher than those of rats fed 45% corn oil. The contents of total lipid and cholesterol in liver of rats were increased with similar trend of TG level, but contents of PL in liver had no relation with the levels and types of dietary fat and feeding periods. The liver of rats were observed histochemically by light microscope. Mild to severe level of fatty changes in liver of 45% C and 45% B group were observed at 8 and 12 weeks of diet. The liver of rats in control group appeared to be healthy and normal electron-microscopically, but in fatty degenerated hepatocytes of 45% C and 45% B group, nuclear membranes were irregular and a great number of intracytoplasmic fat vacuoles in cells were variable in size and low in electon density. The numbers of lysosome were increased and secondary lysosomes among them were observed on electron microscope.