• 약학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.682-688
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• 1999

Abuse liability of ephedrine was investigated by measurement of locomotor activity and self-administration in Sprague-Dawley rats. Locomotor activity was determined in rats treated with 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg ephedrine for 14 days. Self-administration by ephedrine (0.23, 1 and 2.3 mg/kg) was examined in food-trained rats. We also examined effect of dopamine receptor antagonist (spiperone, $30{\;}\mu\textrm{g}/kg$) on the ephedrine-induced response of self-administration. Body weight was not statistically difference between control and ephedrine treatment group, but locomotor activity was dose-dependently increased. Self-administration for ephedrine was decreased in the early response (day 1 and 2) but the response was increased by higher dose of ephedrine. Self-administration was decreased by dopamine receptor antagonist (spiperone). These data showed that ephedrine increased locomotor activity and induced response of self-administration, and the effects of ephedrine were partially related to the dopaminergic system, which suggest the ephedrine may have abuse liability.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제10권7호
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• pp.261-266
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• 2019

본 연구는 초등학교 야구선수의 균형 및 유연성에 대한 협응이동훈련이 미치는 영향을 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 연구를 위해 30명의 초등학교 야구선수를 대상자로 모집하여 실시하였다. 탄력밴드를 이용한 CLT군 (n=15)과 일반적인 CLT군 (n=15)을 4주 동안 주 6회 훈련을 실시하였다. 균형을 평가하기 위해 균형측정기(Biorescue)을 사용하였고, 유연성 평가를 위해 좌전굴을 사용하였다. 연구 결과, 균형은 탄력밴드를 이용한 CLT군에서 실험 전보다 실험 후에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 유연성은 탄력밴드를 이용한 CLT군에서 실험 전보다 실험 후에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 그 결과, 탄력밴드를 이용한 협응이동훈련이 초등학교 야구선수의 균형 및 유연성을 향상시키는 효과적인 훈련방법이 될 수 있을 거라 기대된다.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.69-79
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• 2023

Purpose: This study examined the possibility of muscle strength and balance ability improvement through coordinative locomotor training by making a difference on the supporting plane using a resistance band for adolescent athlete of Taekwondo sparring athletes. Methods: A total of 22 students were selected as to the participants of the study, and 11 students each were randomly assigned to the control and experimental group for coordination locomotor training using a resistance band on stable and unstable supporting surface. The training period was 60 min, three times a week, for 8 weeks in total. To confirm changes on balance ability of each participant, balance assessment devices are used. Moreover, surface electromyography was used for muscle strength evaluation. Results: After coordinated locomotor training using a resistance band for 8 weeks, the difference bet ween groups was not significant; Also, the improvement in strength was no significant difference in other muscles in the between groups, but there was a significant in the muscle activity of the rectus muscle of the right thigh in the experimental group. Conclusion: The participants demonstrated that coordinative locomotor training using the elastic band on an unstable supporting surface was able to obtain junctional effects for the prevention of exercise injuries in youth taekwondo sparring athletes, and muscle activity exercise of the rectus muscle of the right thigh was particularly effective.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.7-15
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• 2021

Purpose: This study was examined to improve the standing posture of a scoliosis client using the ICF Tool. Methods: For examination, the study subject was a 16-year-old female student diagnosed with 3curve-pelvic (3CP) type scoliosis. Information about her were collected through a client interview and based on international Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The ICF core set was for post-acute musculoskeletal conditions, and the ICF level 2 items suggested by National Rehabilitation Information Center (NARIC) were added to the recommendations for scoliosis. For evaluation, the ICF assessment sheet was used to identify the interaction among the problems. For the diagnosis, the client's functional problems were described in ICF terms. For the prognosis, the global goals for reaching the client's functional activity and participation level were presented as the long-and short-term goals. For the intervention, a coordinative locomotor training program composed of warm-up, main exercise, and cool-down was applied 3 times a week, 50 minutes a day, for 5 weeks. For the outcome, the differences between before and after the intervention were compared with the ICF qualifier and are shown with the ICF evaluation display. Results: Clinical advantages were observed in body function and structure (7° decrease of thoracic angle, 7 score increase of trunk muscle power, 6.47s improve of one leg standing, 4 score decrease of neck pain). The activity for maintaining the standing posture, in which the client had a primary limitation, was improved. Conclusion: Applying the coordinative locomotor training program is expected to improve scoliosis client's standing posture.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.167-175
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• 2012

Different studies have been conducted regarding caffeine as psychostimulant drugs and its effects as well as determination in various materials. Since, coffee and tea are most drinkable beverage in the world and their major constituent is caffeine. So, analysis of the effect of equal amount of caffeine in coffee and tea with respect to SD rats was studied. The present methodology was purposed to determine and validate caffeine amount in different brands of coffee and tea, and canvass locomotor and behavioral patterns of SD rats after administrating coffee and tea orally consisting of same amount of caffeine (10, 30 mg/kg). Determination of caffeine in different brands of coffee and tea and validation of caffeine were evaluated using HPLC. Depending upon different brands of tea and coffee, caffeine amount was altered. Meanwhile, amount of caffeine in tea was directly proportional to the temperature of liquid. Coffee and tea (Instant Maxim original coffee$^{(R)}$ and earl grey black tea$^{(R)}$) consisting 10, 30 mg/kg of caffeine were studied in SD rats for locomotor activity and behavioral patterns using Tru Scan 99. The locomotor activities of SD rats were increased after administration of coffee and tea consisting caffeine compared to water. The coffee consisted of higher amount of caffeine exhibited steep movement of SD rats. Similarly, rearing and scratching of SD rats as frequency and duration were increased in coffee and tea consisting caffeine compared with water. The study revealed that coffee and tea had effects in locomotor activity and behavioral patterns of SD rats.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.153-161
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 연속 촬영 이미지를 이용한 실험용 쥐의 운동 능력 평가 시스탬을 제안한다. 의학이나 수의학 분야에서는 인류의 양질의 삶을 위해 mouse를 이용한 동물실험을 실시하고 있다. 특히 실험용 쥐(mouse)를 이용한 실험 중에는 인위적인 부상(injury)을 만들고, 다양한 처치를 통하여 그 부상에서 회복되는 정도를 측정하는 실험을 많이 하고 있다. 이러한 실험에서 그 동안의 전통적인 운동량 측정 방법은 사람이 직접 관찰하는 방법으로 이루어지고 있었다. 제안한 시스템은 실험용 쥐에 대한 움직임을 정해진 단위 시간동안 연속 촬영을 실시하고, 이 연속 촬영된 이미지에서 mouse의 외곽선을 point cloud로 추출한다. 추출된 point cloud를 이용하여 mouse의 몸통에 대한 내부 외곽선(interior contour line)을 다시 추출한 후, 이를 이용하여 그 중심점을 구하고, 이들 중심점들을 연결하여 거리를 계산하여 누적함으로써 mouse가 단위 시간동안 이동한 총 거리를 자동 계산하도록 하는 시스템을 설계하고 구현한다.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.281-291
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• 2022

Objectives : In this study, acute oral toxicity test of pomace Schisandra chinensis extracts was conducted in order to up-cycling to a high value-added industry using by-products discarded in the production process of Schisandra chinensis products and active ingredients such as dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans in Schisandra chinensis. Methods : Pomace Schisandra chinensis extracts were orally administered to SD-rats(female, n=3) without a control group according to the 'OECD guidelines'. After, mortality and clinical signs were observed, and the deceased animals were subjected to an autopsy. In addition, acute oral toxicity test was sequentially performed in step I (300 mg/kg), step II(300 mg/kg), step III(2,000 mg/kg), and step IV(2,000 mg/kg) according to the mortality. Results : There were no abnormalities caused by pomace Schisandra chinensis extracts in step I and step II. However, one animal each died in step III and step IV. In addition, clinical signs(salivation, decrease in food intake, prone position, decrease of locomotor activity, loss of locomotor activity, convulsion, hypothermia, lacrimation, staining around mouth, soiled perineal region, reddish urine, chromaturia, decrease of fecal volume, lying on side, blackish stool, no stool, compound-colored stool, refusal to feed, excitement, hypersensitivity, rigidity, dorsal position, etc.) were observed. But, no clinical signs were observed from 5th day, and experiment animals recovered completely. Conclusions : As a result of this study, pomace Schisandra chinensis extracts may exhibit acute toxicity at concentrations of 2,000 to 5,000 mg/kg, and the GHS classification was designated as 'Category 5'.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.218-232
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• 2024

Background: Cynara scolymus has bioactive constituents and has been used for therapeutic actions. The present study was undertaken to investigate the mechanisms underlying pain-relieving effects of the hydroethanolic extract of C. scolymus (HECS). Methods: The antinociceptive activity of HECS was assessed through formalin and acetic acid-induced writhing tests at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Additionally, naloxone (non-selective opioid receptors antagonist, 2 mg/kg), atropine (non-selective muscarinic receptors antagonist, 1 mg/kg), chlorpheniramine (histamine H₁-receptor antagonist, 20 mg/kg), cimetidine (histamine H₂-receptor antagonist, 12.5 mg/kg), flumazenil (GABA_A/BDZ receptor antagonist, 5 mg/kg) and cyproheptadine (serotonin receptor antagonist, 4 mg/kg) were used to determine the systems implicated in HECS-induced analgesia. Impact of HECS on locomotor activity was executed by open-field test. Determination of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) was done. Evaluation of antioxidant activity was conducted employing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Results: HECS (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly indicated dose dependent antinociceptive activity against pain-related behavior induced by formalin and acetic acid (P < 0.001). Pretreatment with naloxone, atropine and flumazenil significantly reversed HECS-induced analgesia. Antinociceptive effect of HECS remained unaffected by chlorpheniramine, cimetidine and cyproheptadine. Locomotor activity was not affected by HECS. TPC and TFC of HECS were 59.49 ± 5.57 mgGAE/g dry extract and 93.39 ± 17.16 mgRE/g dry extract, respectively. DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀) of HECS was 161.32 ± 0.03 ㎍/mL. Conclusions: HECS possesses antinociceptive activity which is mediated via opioidergic, cholinergic and GABAergic pathways.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.767-773
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• 2012

괴각 추출물의 항불안 효능을 탐색하기 위하여 elevated plus-maze, horizontal wire test 및 open field test와 같은 동물행동실험을 통하여 비교한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. Elevated plus-maze를 이용한 본 연구에서 괴각 추출물의 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg 및 400 mg/kg 투여군에서 대조군에 비하여 open arm에서 머무른 시간의 백분율이 증가하였고, open arm으로의 출입 백분율 또한 증가하였다. Elevated plus-maze를 이용한 길항실험에서는 benzodiazepine 수용체의 antagonist인 flumazenil에 의해 괴각 추출물 400 mg/kg의 항불안 효능이 차단되는 것이 관찰되었다. Locomotor activity 측정에서도 괴각 추출물의 모든 용량에서 총 이동거리의 변화가 없었으며, 또한 horizontal wire test에서도 대조군과 괴각 추출물 투여군 사이에 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 결론적으로, 본 연구의 결과에서 괴각의 메탄올 추출물이 elevated plus-maze test, horizontal wire test 및 open field test를 통하여 locomotor activity 및 근육이완이나 진정 등의 부작용이 없으면서 우수한 항불안 작용을 가지는 천연물이라고 생각되어지며 이러한 작용이 특히 GABA 신경계와 관련이 있음을 시사하고 있다. 향후 괴각의 항불안 작용의 평가를 위하여 다양한 실험모델의 개발이 필요할 것으로 생각되며 또한 이러한 작용에 대한 기전 연구가 포괄적이고 다각적으로 진행되어져야 할 필요성이 있다고 사료된다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제67권5호
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• pp.510-520
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• 2024

Objective : Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The treatment of PD aims to alleviate motor symptoms by replacing the reduced endogenous dopamine. Currently, there are no disease-modifying agents for the treatment of PD. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have emerged as an effective tool for new drug discovery and screening in the age of translational research. The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is known to cause a similar loss of dopaminergic neurons in the human midbrain, with corresponding Parkinsonian symptoms. L-type calcium channels (LTCCs) have been implicated in the generation of mitochondrial oxidative stress, which underlies the pathogenesis of PD. Therefore, we investigated the neuro-restorative effect of LTCC inhibition in an MPTP-induced zebrafish PD model and suggested a possible drug candidate that might modify the progression of PD. Methods : All experiments were conducted using a line of transgenic zebrafish, Tg(dat:EGFP), in which green fluorescent protein (GFP) is expressed in dopaminergic neurons. The experimental groups were exposed to 500 μmol MPTP from 1 to 3 days post fertilization (dpf). The drug candidates : levodopa 1 mmol, nifedipine 10 μmol, nimodipine 3.5 μmol, diethylstilbestrol 0.3 μmol, luteolin 100 μmol, and calcitriol 0.25 μmol were exposed from 3 to 5 dpf. Locomotor activity was assessed by automated tracking and dopaminergic neurons were visualized in vivo by confocal microscopy. Results : Levodopa, nimodipine, diethylstilbestrol, and calcitriol had significant positive effects on the restoration of motor behavior, which was damaged by MPTP. Nimodipine and calcitriol have significant positive effects on the restoration of dopaminergic neurons, which were reduced by MPTP. Through locomotor analysis and dopaminergic neuron quantification, we identified the neuro-restorative effects of nimodipine and calcitriol in zebrafish MPTP-induced PD model. Conclusion : The present study identified the neuro-restorative effects of nimodipine and calcitriol in an MPTP-induced zebrafish model of PD. They restored dopaminergic neurons which were damaged due to the effects of MPTP and normalized the locomotor activity. LTCCs have potential pathological roles in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Zebrafish are highly amenable to high-throughput drug screening and might, therefore, be a useful tool to work towards the identification of disease-modifying treatment for PD. Further studies including zebrafish genetic models to elucidate the mechanism of action of the disease-modifying candidate by investigating Ca2+ influx and mitochondrial function in dopaminergic neurons, are needed to reveal the pathogenesis of PD and develop disease-modifying treatments for PD.