• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.88-98
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• 2012

Purpose: Local recurrence, due to residual tumor, may occur after endoscopic resection for early gastric cancer. The aims of this study are to evaluate the predictive factors for local recurrence, and suggest an appropriate follow-up biopsy strategy. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 396 early gastric cancers from 372 consecutive patients, who underwent endoscopic resection between January 2002 and April 2008. Cumulative recurrence rates were determined by the Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to determine the risk factors for local recurrence. Results: Local recurrence at the endoscopic resection site was found in 17 cases, among the total 396 lesions, during a median follow-up period of 48 months. The 5-year cumulative local recurrence rate was 4.8%. Multivariate analyses determined that tumor involvement at the lateral resection margin [hazard ratio: 35.9; P<0.001], uncheckable lateral resection margin [hazard ratio: 16.8; P<0.001], uncheckable or involved deep resection margin [hazard ratio: 3.76; P=0.047], and piecemeal resection [hazard ratio: 3.95; P=0.007] were associated with local recurrence. If a lesion was positive for any of these risk factors, the 5-year cumulative recurrence rate was 27.0%, while local recurrence was not found in any lesion that lacked these risk factors. Most episodes of recurrence were found during the first or second follow-up endoscopic biopsy at the ulcer scar. Conclusions: Routine follow-up biopsies at the endoscopic resection site might be unnecessary in cases where an early gastric cancer lesion was endoscopically resected en bloc with tumor-free lateral and deep margins.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2016

Purpose: In a previous study, the transmembrane protein FXYD-3 was suggested as a biomarker for a lower survival rate and reduced radiosensitivity in rectal cancer patients receiving preoperative radiotherapy. The purpose of preoperative irradiation in rectal cancer is to reduce local recurrence. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of FXYD-3 as a biomarker for increased risk for local recurrence of rectal cancer. Materials and Methods: FXYD-3 expression was immunohistochemically examined in surgical specimens from a cohort of patients with rectal cancer who developed local recurrence (n = 48). The cohort was compared to a matched control group without recurrence (n = 81). Results: Weak FXYD-3 expression was found in 106/129 (82%) of the rectal tumors and strong expression in 23/129 (18%). There was no difference in the expression of FXYD-3 between the patients with local recurrence and the control group. Furthermore there was no difference in FXYD-3 expression and time to diagnosis of local recurrence between patients who received preoperative radiotherapy and those without. Conclusion: Previous findings indicated that FXYD-3 expression may be used as a marker of decreased sensitivity to radiotherapy or even overall survival. We were unable to confirm this in a cohort of rectal cancer patients who developed local recurrence.

• Endocrinology and Metabolism
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.459-465
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• 2018

Background: Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) shows a very good prognosis, but older patients have a higher recurrence rate and those show poor prognosis than younger patients. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical outcomes of thyroid cancer patients who experienced recurrence in old age according to the treatment strategy used. Methods: This retrospective observational cohort study was conducted at Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. Among DTC patients with no evidence of disease after initial treatment, we enrolled 86 patients who experienced recurrence at an age >65 years from 1994 to 2012. Sixty-nine patients had local recurrence and 17 patients showed distant metastasis. Results: The mean age of patients at recurrence was 72 years. Patients were followed up for a median of 4.1 years after recurrence. Sixty-three of the 69 patients with local recurrence received additional treatment, while the other six received conservative care. The cancer-specific mortality rate was 15.5% in the local recurrence group. Airway problems were the main cause of death in patients who did not receive further treatment for local recurrence. Among the 17 patients with distant metastasis, 10 underwent specific treatment for metastasis and seven received only supportive management. Seven of those 17 patients died, and the cancer-specific mortality rate was 35% in the distant metastasis group. Conclusion: The overall cancer-specific mortality rate was 20% in DTC patients in whom recurrence was first detected at an age >65 years. Mortality due to uncontrolled local disease occurred frequently in patients who did not receive definitive management for recurrence.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.1771-1777
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• 2012

The impact of anatomic resection (AR) as compared to non-anatomic resection (NAR) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as a factor for preventing intra-hepatic and local recurrence after the initial surgical procedure remains controversial. A systematic review and meta-analysis of nonrandomized trials comparing anatomic resection with non-anatomic resection for HCC published from 1990 to 2010 in PubMed and Medline, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Science Citation Index were therefore performed. Intra-hepatic recurrence, including early and late, and local recurrence were considered as primary outcomes. As secondary outcomes, 5 year survival and 5 year disease-free survival were considered. Pooled effects were calculated utilizing either fixed effects or random effects models. Eleven non-randomized studies including 1,576 patients were identified and analyzed, with 810 patients in the AR group and 766 in the NAR group. Patients in the AR group were characterized by lower prevalence of cirrhosis, more favorable hepatic function, and larger tumor size and higher prevalence of macrovascular invasion compared with patients in the NAR group. Anatomic resection significantly reduced the risks of local recurrence and achieved a better 5 years disease-free survival. Also, anatomic resection was marginally effective for decreasing the early intra-hepatic recurrence. However, it was not advantageous in preventing late intra-hepatic recurrence compared with non-anatomic resection. No differences were found between AR and NAR with respect to postoperative morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization. Anatomic resection can be recommended as superior to non-anatomic resection in terms of reducing the risks of local recurrence, early intra-hepatic recurrence and achieving a better 5 year disease-free survival in HCC patients.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 2017

Background/Objective: The survival and recurrence pattern of the patients with primary cancer of the external auditory canal was evaluated. Materials & Methods: Seventeen patients with primary cancer of the external auditory canal from 2002 to 2013 was analyzed retrospectively. Overall survival, recurrence free survival, local recurrence free survival and distant metastasis free survival was calculated by Kaplan-Meyer's method. Results: Five year overall survival rate, 5 year recurrence free survival rate, 5 year local recurrence free survival rate and 5 year distant metastasis free survival rate were 49.3% 54.9%, 64.7% and 69.6% respectively. The recurrence pattern is different to the pathologic type, squamous cell carcinoma or adenoid cystic carcinoma. The patients with squamous cell carcinoma showed local recurrence and the patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma showed distant metastasis mainly. Conclusion: Primary cancer of external auditory canal showed different clinical course depend on the pathologic diagnosis.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.85-94
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• 1983

A total of 47 patients with a diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma was treated in Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital during last 4 years. Of the 47 patients, 23(49%) had undifferentiated carcinoma, 20(43%) had squamous cell carcinoma, while 4(8%) had lymphoepithelioma. Most of the patients(71%) has Stage IV disease, cervical lymph node metastases were found in 36(77%) and distant metastasis was found in 1 at the time of diagnosis. Complete response rate after radiotherapy for 47 patients of nasopharyngeal carcinoma was 85.1%. The overall actuarial 3 year survival rates was 0.718 and the disease free actuarial 3 year survival rates was 0.468. Nodal involvement and symptom duration were statistically significiant influencing factors for actuarial survival rate. Treatment failures were found in 20 patients (42.6%), local recurrence only in 6(30%), local and neck recurrence in 3(15%), local recurrence with metastasis in 4(20%) and distant metastasis only in 7(35%). Local failures were more frequent in the patients with cranial nerve symptoms (P=0.032). Distant metastases were more frequent with T4 lesions (P=0.047), and with nodal involvement (P<0.01). Retreatment after the tumor recurrence was chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, two pationts refreated for local recurrence were alive without evidence of disease for more than 19 and 44 months after retreatment.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.376-383
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• 2012

Background No consensus has been reached regarding the outcome of management of local recurrence after transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap breast reconstruction. This study demonstrated the presentation, management, and outcomes of local recurrence after immediate TRAM breast reconstruction. Methods A comparison was conducted among 1,000 consecutive patients who underwent immediate breast reconstruction with a pedicled TRAM flap (TRAM group) and 3,183 consecutive patients who underwent only modified radical mastectomy without reconstruction (MRM group) from January 2001 to December 2009. The presentation, treatment, and outcome including aesthetics and overall survival rate were analyzed. Results Local recurrences occurred in 18 (1.8%) patients (TRAM-LR group) who underwent TRAM breast reconstruction and 38 (1.2%) patients (MRM-LR group) who underwent MRM only (P=0.1712). Wide excision was indicated in almost all the local recurrence cases. Skin graft was required in 4 patients in the MRM-LR group, whereas only one patient required a skin graft to preserve the mound shape in the TRAM-LR group. The breast mound was maintained in all 17 patients that survived in the TRAM-LR group even after wide excision. The overall survival rate was 94.4% in the TRAM-LR group and 65.8% in the MRM-LR group (P=0.276). Conclusions Local recurrence after immediate TRAM flap breast reconstruction could be detected without delay and managed effectively by multiple modalities without reducing overall survival rates. Breast mound reconstruction with soft autologous tissue allowed for primary closure in most of the cases. In all of the patients who survived, the contour of their reconstructed breast remained.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.285-294
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• 2018

Purpose: To determine the necessity of postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) and which regions would be at risk for recurrence, we evaluated local and regional recurrence in breast cancer patients with 1-3 positive nodes and a tumor size of <5 cm. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data of 133 female breast cancer patients with 1-3 positive nodes, and a tumor size of <5 cm who were treated with mastectomy followed by adjuvant systemic therapy between 2007 and 2016. The median follow-up period was 57 months (range, 12 to 115 months). Most patients (82.7%) were treated with axillary lymph node dissection. Adjuvant chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, and trastuzumab therapy were administered to 124 patients (93.2%), 112 (84.2%), and 33 (24.8%), respectively. The most common chemotherapy regimen was anthracycline and cyclophosphamide followed by taxane (71.4%). Results: Three patients (2.3%), 8 (6.0%), and 12 (9.0%) experienced local, regional, and distant failures, respectively. The 5-year cumulative risk of local recurrence, regional recurrence, distant metastasis, and disease-free survival was 3.1%, 8.0%, 11.7%, and 83.4%, respectively. There were no statistically significant clinicopathologic factors associated with local recurrence. Lymphovascular invasion (univariate p = 0.015 and multivariate p = 0.054) was associated with an increased risk of regional recurrence. Conclusion: Our study showed a very low local recurrence in patients with 1-3 positive nodes and tumor size of <5 cm who were treated with mastectomy and modern adjuvant systemic treatment. The PMRT volume need to be tailored for each patient's given risk for local and regional recurrence, and possible radiation-related toxicities.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.51-54
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• 2010

Surgery has a key role in the treatment of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), but the resectability of paraspinal MPNSTs is only 20%. Therefore, spinal MPNSTs show frequent recurrence and poor prognosis. Local recurrence is much more common than metastasis for MPNSTs, and surgery still has a key role in the treatment of local recurrence. Therefore, it is important that recurrence must be detected before resectability is lost. However, no evidence-based follow-up protocol has been established for MPNST. The authors performed gross total resection in a 34-year-old woman presented with thoracic MPNST. Adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy were not administered since these adjuvant therapies generally do not improve survival in MPNST and may cause additional neurovascular damage. Instead, the authors monitored the primary site every 3 months using magnetic resonance imaging to detect local recurrence at the earliest opportunity. The tumor recurred locally on two occasions without overt symptoms at 21 and 24 months postoperatively. These recurrences were treated successfully by gross total removal.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.208-215
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to identify the independent clinicopathologic prognostic factors of soft tissue sarcoma affecting local recurrence, metastasis and survival. Retrospectively collected data from 130 patients with soft tissue sarcoma were analyzed. Patient, tumor and pathologic factors were analyzed by univariate and multivariate methods for the endpoints of local recurrence, metastasis and survival. In univariate analysis, wide surgical margin, adjuvant radiotherapy and age younger than 40 years reduced local recurrence. Tumor size larger than 5cm was related with a higher rate of metastasis. Patients with metastasis at initial presentation and with a large tumor size had a low survival rate. In multivariate analysis, adjuvant radiotherapy and young age were significantly correlated with a low local recurrence rate. In conclusion, patients with metastasis at initial presentation and a large tumor size had a reduced survival rate. Independent adverse prognostic factors for local recurrence were old age and not undergoing adjuvant therapy.