• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.260-264
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• 2019

Pectus excavatum (PE) is known as one of the most common congenital deformities of the anterior chest wall. The Nuss procedure is an effective surgical therapy to correct PE. Here, we report a case of recurrent cardiac tamponade due to hemopericardium that occurred after 16 months following the Nuss procedure. The cause of recurrent hemopericardium was thought to be local, repetitive irritation of the pericardium by the Nuss steel bar. We should keep in mind that this serious complication can occur after the Nuss procedure, even in the late phase.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.145-148
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• 2021

Minor salivary gland sialolithiasis (MSGS) is a not uncommon oral mucosal disease. Its clinical appearance may mimic a mucocyst or other benign submucosal overgrowth. Stasis of saliva, which accompanies MSGS, usually results in minor salivary gland inflammation, with a chronic sialadenitis appearance. MSGS typically is a painless lesion but can become painful when the salivary gland parenchyma or excretory duct becomes infected, with or without pus. However, misdiagnosis of this condition is rather common, as the clinical appearance is asymptomatic. The most common location is the upper lip, and MSGS affects males and females, with a slight predilection for males. The sialolith causing MSGS may be obvious during surgical excision, as in the case reported. In other cases, sialolith may be absent or fragmented. Differential diagnosis includes mucocele, swelling due to local irritation like fibroma and diapneusia, chronic abscess of the oral mucosa, and neoplasms either benign (lymphangioma, pleiomorphic adenoma) or malignant. Histopathological examination is needed to establish clinical diagnosis.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.219-229
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• 2020

Recently, since atopic dermatitis is sensitive to skin irritation, it has been suggested that the development of a patch that can effectively exhibit adhesion and absorption to a specific local area while minimizing skin irritation, and capable of appropriate drug release should be given priority. In this study, we tried to develop a hydrogel patch that minimizes skin irritation, adheres effectively to a specific area, and promotes absorption. The atopic patch was formulated into a super-absorbent hydrogel sheet using a freeze drying method. Cell viability assay was carried out using keratinocytes (HaCaT cell) and fibroblasts (L929 cells). In order to investigate the physical properties, FT-IR, FE-SEM, porosity analysis and swelling behavior were investigated. As a result, the newly prepared HA-Dex hydrogel patch was verified by biocompatibility and physical evaluation. In addition, the manufactured hydrogel patch has sufficient moisture absorption capacity and can relieve itching of atopic skin, and is expected to be applied to various drug delivery products for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in the future.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2002

Disodium disulphite, the HPV chemical, was assigned to Korea in order to implement OECD SIDS program in 1999. It was produced about 3,200 ton/year in 1998. This report evaluates the toxic potency of disodium disulphite based on the environmental and mammalian effects as well as human exposure. Oral $LD_{50}$ in rats is 1,540 mg/kg b.w. and effects was observed to the stomach, liver and the GI track that was filled with blood. For repeated dose toxicity, the predominant effect was the induction of stomach lesion due to local irritation. The no observed adverse effect lever for local (stomach irritation) was about 217 mg/kg bw/day. There is no evidence that disodium disulphite is genotoxic in vivo. No reproductive or developmental toxicty of disodium disulphite was observed for the period up to 2 yr and over three generation. In humans, urticaria and asthma with itching, edema, rhinitis, and nasal congestion were reported. Disodium disulphite is unlikely to induce respiratory sensitization but may enhance symptom of asthma in sensitive individuals. This chemical would be mainly transported to water compartment when released to environmental compartments since it is highly water soluble (470 g/l at 20). Low K oc (2.447) indicates disodium disulphite is so mobile in soil that it may not stay in the terrestrial compartment. The chemical has been tested in a limited number of aquatic species. hem acute toxicity test to fish, 96 hr-$LC_{50}$ was > 100 mg/1. For algae, 72 hr-$XC_{50}$ was 48.1 mg/1. For daphnid, the acute toxicity value of 48 hr-$EC_{50}$ was 88.76 mg/1, and chronic value of 21day-NOEC was > 10 mg/1. Therefore, PNEC of 0.1 mg/l for the aquatic organism was obtained from the chronic value of daphnid using the assessment factor of 100. Based on these data the disodium disulphite was recommended as low priority for further post-SIDS work in OECD.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to propose an indirect exposure assessment method using a questionnaire survey at a time when direct exposure assessment would be impossible after a chemical accident. Methods: About two weeks after an accident, a questionnaire survey was performed with 1,264 persons from the local community. Variables related to exposure were extracted from the survey contents, weighted and then graded for comparison with subjective symptoms in order to evaluate the extent of exposure. Survey items suitable for reflecting the previous exposure level during the accident were extracted, weighted and divided into quartile ranges. Subjective symptoms showed an increasing tendency with higher exposure level when compared with final exposure level (p<0.01). Results: For the relationship between the final exposure grade and subjective symptoms, as the exposure grade was increasing the rates complaining of symptom also showed an increasing tendency. However, when adjusted for demographic characteristics, there was a tendency for the eye irritation symptom to appear higher in women, and respiratory organ irritation appeared higher in smokers. Conclusions: When the problem of recall bias is considered, this study may not have completely unraveled exposure and the characteristics of the participants can affect subjective symptoms. Nevertheless, the exposure rating method of using a questionnaire showed a significant relationship with symptom level. It can be deemed that assessment of past exposure may be successfully evaluated by questionnaire in cases such as chemical accidents.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 1998

Intramuscular injection(IM) into the gluteal muscles is a common route of medication, but may lead to complications. A retrospective review of 32 patients who required surgical treatment for local complications of buttock injections in children was made at the Taegu Fatima Hospital during a seven-year nine-month period (March 1990 to December 1997). Local complications included acute inflammation, cellulitis and abscess(71.9 %), and fat necrosis(21.9 %), and injection granuloma(6.2 %). Over the half of injections were on the upper and outer quadrant of the buttock, but the other 43.7 % were in the upper and inner or lower and outer quadrant which are considered unsuitable sites for intramuscular injection. The majority of complications developed within fat tissue(90.6 %) rather than within muscle(9.4 %). Two-thirds of the patients were under 2 years of age, this suggests that it is technically difficult to accurately administer IM injections in small children because muscle mass is smaller compared to subcutaneous. In addition subcutaneous fat is more susceptible to chemical irritation. Staph. aureus was the predominant organism, isolated in 84.6 % of the patients with abscesses. Treatment consisted of needle aspiration, incision and drainage, curettage, or surgical excision. In conclusion, the major factor that contributes to complications following IM of the buttock appears to be the inadvertent intrafat rather than of IM injection. Accurate injection into the muscles based on a knowledge of pelvic anatomy as well as the potential complications is necessary to prevent complications.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.281-285
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• 2012

Objective : Occipital neuralgia is characterized by paroxysmal jabbing pain in the dermatomes of the greater or lesser occipital nerves caused by irritation of these nerves. Although several therapies have been reported, they have only temporary therapeutic effects. We report the results of pulsed radiofrequency treatment of the occipital nerve, which was used to treat occipital neuralgia. Methods : Patients were diagnosed with occipital neuralgia according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders classification criteria. We performed pulsed radiofrequency neuromodulation when patients presented with clinical findings suggestive occipital neuralgia with positive diagnostic block of the occipital nerves with local anesthetics. Patients were analyzed according to age, duration of symptoms, surgical results, complications and recurrence. Pain was measured every month after the procedure using the visual analog and total pain indexes. Results : From 2010, ten patients were included in the study. The mean age was 52 years (34-70 years). The mean follow-up period was 7.5 months (6-10 months). Mean Visual Analog Scale and mean total pain index scores declined by 6.1 units and 192.1 units, respectively, during the follow-up period. No complications were reported. Conclusion : Pulsed radiofrequency neuromodulation of the occipital nerve is an effective treatment for occipital neuralgia. Further controlled prospective studies are necessary to evaluate the exact effects and long-term outcomes of this treatment method.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.101-105
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• 2004

Purpose: Paraquat is the most commonly used herbicide in Korea. Exposure to paraquat through the skin has resulted in local irritation or inflammation of varying degree, sometimes severe. The purpose of this study was to review the patients with paraquat poisoning by skin absorption. Methods: We analysed retrospectively the clinical and laboratory findings of 45 patients with paraquat poisoning after dermal exposure, who were admitted to Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital from January 1999 to December 2003. Results: Among 870 cases of paraquat poisoning, 45 cases were exposed to paraquat through the skin. The peak incidence was the fifth decade($40\%$). The clinical symptoms were pain, pruritus, nausea, and vomiting. The major skin lesions were generalized vesicobullae and necrotic erosion in face, scrotum, trunk, upper and lower extremities and etc. All patients were survived after skin contact or inhalation of paraquat. Conclusion: This study illustrates the extreme toxicity of paraquat and demonstrates that lethal quantities of paraquat may be absorbed if repeated exposure to it. Stricter precautions, including the mandatory use of protective clothing, should be recommended whenever this material is used.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.269-272
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• 1992

We experienced a case of pleural effusion while treating postherpetic neuralgia in a 70 year old male patient. The patient had scar and color change on the skin along the course of the right Th4-5 intercostal nerve, characteristics of healed herpes zoster. The patient also complained of severe pain along the lesion site which made sleeping difficult. He had been treated with; epidural blocks with or without catheterization; epidural or regional corticosteroids; multiple intraspinal and intercostal blocks with local anesthetic; or neurolytic, alcohol, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, etc., for about six months by the time of pleural effusion development. We came to the conclusion that the effusion was due to pleural irritation by multiple intercostal nerve blocks, because it was bloody and developed on the affected right side, although the patient had a history of a certain hepatic pathology and pulmonary tuberculosis which may be a predisposing factor to the effusion.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Pathology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.66-71
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• 1997

Eighteen NZW rabbits used for local skin irritation study were examined grossly and microscopically for natural infection with Encephalitozoon cuniculi. For microscopic tissue evaluation histochemical techniques such as PAS Gram iron hematoxylin and HE stain were used. Although rabbits in the study had no abnormal clinical signs 7/18(38.9%) animals were microscopically infected with E. cuniculi. The affected rabbits had gray-whitish and depressed approximately 0.1∼0.6 cm diameter lesions in the kidneys. All other organs examined were grossly unremarkable. Histopathologically however in addition to segmental interstitial nephritis focal lymphocytic myocarditis and granulomatous inflammatory reaction in portal areas of the liver multifocal granulomatous foci with vasculitis were present in the brain kidney and lungs. Aggregates of minute oval organisms were observed in brain and kidney sections frequently within the granulomatous foci and sometimes without any inflammatory reaction particularly in the renal tubules. in histochemical stains the organisms were gram positive stained with iron hematoxylin and had PAS positive granule at one pole. They measured approximately 1.5×2.5μm consistent with E. cuniculi. Histochemical characterization is important to differentiate E. cuniculi from other common protozoal infection such as Toxoplasma gondii. This study demonstrate the importance of subclinical. E. cunuculi infection and the associated histological alterations may interfere with tissue evaluation in toxicologic studies.