• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2000.11b
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• pp.112-117
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• 2000

A numerical study on natural convection in a vertical square cavity filled with a porous medium is carried out with Brinkman-Forchheimer-extended Darcy flow model, and the validity of local thermodynamic equilibrium assumption is studied. The local thermodynamic equilibrium refers to the state in which a single temperature can be used to describe a heat transfer process in a multiphase system. With this assumption, the analysis is greatly simplified because only one equation is needed to describe the heat transfer process. But prior to using this assumption, it is necessary to know in what conditions the assumption can be used. The numerical results of this study reveal that large temperature difference between fluid phase and solid phase exists near wall region, paticularily when the convection becomes dominant over conduction. And the influence of flow parameters such as fluid Rayleigh number, fluid Prandtl number, dimensionless particle diameter and conductivity ratio are investigated.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.493-502
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• 2010

In this paper, the ionization characteristics of noble gases are studied numerically behind strong shock waves. As a first step, the equilibrium ionization mechanism of noble gases is modeled in wide ranges of temperature and pressure. As a next step the equilibrium ionization model is coupled with fluid dynamic equations to analyze the local thermodynamic equilibrium(LTE) ionization process at high temperature and pressure conditions behind the strong imploding shock waves. The ionization characteristics of xenon gas is studied in a wide range of test conditions with thermal radiation effects. Hence, the results give optimal conditions of maximum ionization and radiation behind the imploding shock waves.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.415-425
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• 1996

This study presents an analytical method of solving the behaviors of arc plasma in a nozzle constricting transferred-type torch and purposes to obtain the basic data for the design of a plasma torch, which can be obtained from the temperature, pressure, velocities and voltage distributions. We have to solve some conservation equations simultaneously and need to know the exact thermal gas properties in order to obtain the correct behaviors of arc plasma. It is also necessary to give the relevant physical or geometric boundary conditions. For the simplicity of analysis, we assumed that (a) the plasma flow is laminar, (b)the local thermodynamic equilibrium, i.e. LTE, prevails over the entire arc column region. The electrode sheath effects were neglected and the nozzle area was excluded from the analysis by assuming that the current flow into the nozzle is zero. We solved the momentum transfer equation including the self-magnetic pinch effect, and obtained the temperature distribution from the energy conservation equation. From this temperature, we could get arc voltage distribution. (author). refs., figs., tabs.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2012

The characteristic features of solid oxide fuel cells are reviewed from the viewpoint of the thermodynamic variables to be developed inside cells/stacks particularly in terms of gradients of chemical potential, electrical potential and temperature and corresponding flows of air, fuel, electricity and heat. Examples of abrupt destruction of SOFC systems were collected from failures in controlling their steady flows, while continuous degradation was caused by materials behaviors under gradients of chemical potentials during a long operation. The local equilibrium approximation has been adopted in NEDO project on the durability/reliability of SOFC stacks/systems; this makes it possible to examine the thermodynamic stability/reactivity as well as mass transfer under the thermodynamic variable gradients. Major results of the NEDO project are described with a focus on degradation/deterioration of electrolyte and electrode materials.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1988.11a
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• pp.220-223
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• 1988

A the dependent model for wail-stabilized local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) arcs has been used to examine the high-pressure sodium vapor arc. Arc properties including temperature, electrical conductivity, and optically thick and optically thin radiation fluxes were calculated as functions of radius and time.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1649-1661
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• 2005

We consider. a horizontal static liquid layer on a planar solid boundary. The layer is evaporating when the plate is heated. Vapor recoil and thermo-capillary are discussed along with the effect of mass loss and vapor convection due to evaporating liquid and non-equilibrium thermodynamic effects. These coupled systems of equations are reduced to a single evolution equation for the local thickness of the liquid layer by using a long-wave asymptotics. The partial differential equation is solved numerically.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2005.07b
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• pp.972-974
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• 2005

The present work deals with the theoretical study of the effects of copper vapours resulting from the erosion of the electrodes on the properties of a SF6 arc in a Laval nozzle. Computations have been done for a DC arc of 1000A with upstream gas pressure of 3.75MPa. The arc plasma is assumed to be in local thermodynamic equilibrium(LTE). The sheath and non-equilibrium region around the electrodes are not considered in this model. However, its effects on the energy flux into the electrodes are estimated from some experimental and theoretical data. The turbulence effects are calculated using the Prandtl mixing length model. A conservation equation for the copper vapour concentration is solved together with the governing equations for mass, momentum and energy of the gas mixture. Comparisons were made between the results with and without electrodes erosion. It has been found that the presence of copper vapours cools down the arc temperature due to the combined effects of increased radiation and increased electrical conductivity. The copper vapour distribution is very sensitive to the turbulent parameter. The erosion of upstream electrode(cathode) has larger effects on the arc compared to the downstream electrode(anode) as the copper vapour eroded from the anode cannot diffuse against the high-speed axial flow.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1995.07c
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• pp.1404-1406
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• 1995

In this paper, argon gas was used for numerical analysis of an arc in a cutting plasma torch driven by constant current. We established nozzle-constricting type torch domain and calculated steady state characteristics of argon arc plasma using the control volume method(CVM). For simplicity, we assumed that the flow field is laminar and the local thermodynamic equilibrium(LTE) prevails in all domain regions. We also neglected cathode-fall and anode-fall effects. Considering magnetic pinch effect and viscosity effect, we solved the momentum equation. Voltage drop in the arc column due to input current was calculated from the temperature field obtained by the energy balance equation.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.19-26
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• 2002

A chamber enduring 3,000 bars and an electrical high voltage power system have been designed and installed for studying the characteristics of the plasma produced in electro-thermal chemical propulsion system. In order to test the structural characteristics, polyethylene injectors were used which have 4 or 6 mm inner diameter and several lengths from 15 to 70 mm. The capacitors were charged at the voltages of 5.2, 7.3 and 10.4 kV which correspond to 5.58, 11 and 22.3 kJ in charging energy. The observed resistivities of the plasma injector are close to those predicted by a theoretical model that describes the plasma resistivity according to high current density.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.231.1-231.1
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• 2014

열 플라즈마(thermal plasma) 는 저온 플라즈마(cold plasma)와 달리 이온과 전자와 중성입자들이 충분한 에너지 교환으로 인해 열평형 상태를 가진다. 열 플라즈마를 생성 시킬 때 전극 사이에서 아크방전을 시켜 제트 형태로 플라즈마를 발생시키는 것을 플라즈마 토치(plasma torch)라고 한다. 이러한 플라즈마 토치는 화학 원소 분해, 강판 절단, 유해 기체 분해 등으로 널리 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 플라즈마 토치를 수치적으로 해석하여 플라즈마의 특성을 알아보았다. 수치해석적 접근방법으로 열 플라즈마는 LTE (local thermodynamic equilibrium)을 가정하였으며 one-fluid 이론을 적용하였다. 이때 사용된 코드는 DCPTUN으로서 $C^{+}^{+}$로 작성된 열플라즈마 유동의 특성해석 코드인 동시에 SIMPLE 알고리즘을 이용한 유체 코드이다. 시뮬레이션은 2차원 축대칭이며 정렬격자계 및 비정렬격자계 모두에서 사용이 가능하도록 되어있다. 또한 맥스웰 방정식을 통해 electromagnetic field를 풀도록 하여 RF 시뮬레이션이 가능하도록 하였다. 이와 같은 열 플라즈마 시뮬레이션을 통해서 플라즈마 토치의 특성을 알아보았다.