• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.277-288
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• 2019

Background: This study evaluated the efficacy of virtual reality (VR) distraction and counter-stimulation (CS) on dental anxiety and pain perception to local anesthesia in children. Methods: A prospective, randomized, single-blinded interventional clinical trial with a parallel design was used. Seventy children 7-11 years old who required local anesthesia (LA) for pulp therapy or tooth extraction were recruited and allocated to two groups with equal distribution based on the intervention. Group CS (n = 35) received CS and Group VR (n = 35) received VR distraction with ANTVR glasses. Anxiety levels (using pulse rate) were evaluated before, during, and after administration of local anesthesia, while pain perception was assessed immediately after the injection. Wong-Baker faces pain-rating scale (WBFPS), visual analog scale (VAS), and Venham's clinical anxiety rating scale (VCARS) were used for pain evaluation. Student's t-test was used to test the mean difference between groups, and repeated measures ANOVA was used to test the mean difference of pulse rates. Results: Significant differences in mean pulse rates were observed in both groups, while children in the VR group had a higher reduction (P < 0.05), and the mean VCARS scores were significant in the VR group (P < 0.05). Mean WBFPS scores showed less pain perception to LA needle prick in the CS group while the same change was observed in the VR group with VAS scores. Conclusions: VR distraction is better than CS for reducing anxiety to injection in children undergoing extraction and pulpectomy.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.209-215
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• 2019

Background: Pain is an unpleasant sensation ranging from mild localized discomfort to agony and is one of the most commonly experienced symptoms in oral surgery. Usually, local anesthetic agents and analgesics are used for pain control in oral surgical procedures. Local anesthetic agents including lignocaine and bupivacaine are routinely used in varying concentrations. The present study was designed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of 0.25% and 0.5% bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia in infraorbital nerve block. Methods: Forty-one patients undergoing bilateral maxillary orthodontic extraction received 0.5% bupivacaine (n = 41) on one side and 0.25% bupivacaine (n = 41) on the other side at an interval of 7 d. The parameters evaluated for both the bupivacaine concentrations were onset of action, pain during procedure (visual analog scale score [VAS]), and duration of action. The results were noted, tabulated, and analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: The onset of action of 0.5% bupivacaine was quicker than that of 0.25% bupivacaine, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.306). No significant difference was found between the solutions for VAS scores (P = 0.221) scores and duration of action (P = 0.662). Conclusion: There was no significant difference between 0.25% bupivacaine and 0.5% bupivacaine in terms of onset of action, pain during procedure, and duration of action. The use of 0.25% bupivacaine is recommended.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.345-355
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• 2021

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of external vibrating devices and counterstimulation on a child's dental anxiety, apprehension, and pain perception during local anesthetic administration. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized, parallel-arm, single-blinded interventional, clinical trial. One hundred children aged 4-11 years, requiring pulp therapy or extraction under local anesthesia (LA), were recruited and allocated equally into two groups (1:1) based on the interventions used: Group BD (n = 50) received vibration using a Buzzy^® device {MMJ Labs, Atlanta, GE, USA} as a behavior guidance technique; Group CS (n = 50) received counterstimulation for the same technique. Anxiety levels [Venham's Clinical Anxiety Rating Scale (VCARS), Venham Picture Test (VPT), Pulse oximeter {Gibson, Fingertip Pulse Oximeter}, Beijing, China)] were assessed before, during, and after LA administration, while pain perception [Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (WBFPS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)] was evaluated immediately after injection. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student's t-test to assess the mean difference between the two groups and the repeated measures ANOVA for testing the mean difference in the pulse rates. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: Significant differences in mean pulse rate values were observed in both groups. In contrast, the children in the BD group had higher diminution (P < 0.05), whereas the mean VCARS and VPT scores were conspicuous (P < 0.05). Based on the mean WBFPS and VAS scores, delayed pain perception after LA injection was more prominent in the BD group than in the CS group. Conclusion: External vibration using a Buzzy^® device is comparatively better than counterstimulation in alleviating needle-associated anxiety in children requiring extraction and pulpectomy.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.285-295
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• 2024

Background: In human dentition, the most commonly impacted teeth are the mandibular third molars (M3M). The removal or extraction of these teeth often causes anxiety in patients due to the perceived pain involved in the process. Therefore, pain must be effectively managed using anesthesia. The use of newer local anesthetic drugs can help minimize side effects and drug interactions. Traditionally, adrenaline is used as a vasoconstrictor along with lignocaine. When combined with lignocaine, the alpha agonists dexmedetomidine and clonidine can extend the duration of anesthesia, thereby reducing the need for additional pain-relieving medications. Methods: This study used a randomized, triple-blind, parallel-arm design. Sixty patients were screened, and 45 systemically healthy patients requiring unilateral surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars with similar difficulty (moderate-to-difficult according to the Modified Pederson's Index) were included in the study. Patients were allocated into three groups as follows: Group A: 2% Lignocaine Hydrochloride with 1:100,000 Adrenaline, Group C: 2% Lignocaine Hydrochloride with 15 ㎍/mL Clonidine, and Group D: 2% Lignocaine Hydrochloride with 1 ㎍/mL Dexmedetomidine. The evaluated parameters were the time of onset of anesthesia, depth of anesthesia, hemodynamic parameters, and duration of postoperative analgesia. Results: Group D had a faster onset of action and prolonged duration of postoperative analgesia compared with Groups A and C. No statistically significant differences were observed between the three groups in terms of the depth of anesthesia and hemodynamic parameters. Conclusion: Group D exhibited a significantly more rapid onset of anesthesia than Groups A and C, and the postoperative analgesic effect in Group D was significantly prolonged (7.22 hours) compared with that in Groups A (4.54 hours) and C (2.1 hours). Patients receiving the Group D solution experienced an extended period of comfort without the need for analgesics for up to 7.22 hours post-procedure.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.14B no.6
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• pp.453-460
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• 2007

In this paper, we present a method to extract the text lines in poorly structured documents. The text lines may have different orientations, considerably curved shapes, and there are possibly a few wide inter-word gaps in a text line. Those text lines can be found in posters, blocks of addresses, artistic documents. Our method based on the traditional perceptual grouping but we develop novel solutions to overcome the problems of insufficient seed points and vaned orientations un a single line. In this paper, we assume that text lines contained tone connected components, in which each connected components is a set of black pixels within a letter, or some touched letters. In our scheme, the connected components closer than an iteratively incremented threshold will make together a chain. Elongate chains are identified as the seed chains of lines. Then the seed chains are extended to the left and the right regarding the local orientations. The local orientations will be reevaluated at each side of the chains when it is extended. By this process, all text lines are finally constructed. The proposed method is good for extraction of the considerably curved text lines from logos and slogans in our experiment; 98% and 94% for the straight-line extraction and the curved-line extraction, respectively.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.289-294
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• 2002

It is known that restructuring feed-forward neural network affects generalization capability and efficiency of the network. In this paper, we introduce a new approach to restructure a neural network using abstraction of the hidden knowledge that the network has teamed. This method involves extracting local rules from non-input nodes and aggregation of the rules into global rule base. The extracted local rules are used for pruning unnecessary connections of local nodes and the aggregation eliminates any possible redundancies arid inconsistencies among local rule-based structures. Final network is generated by the global rule-based structure. Complexity of the final network is much reduced, compared to a fully-connected neural network and generalization capability is improved. Empirical results are also shown.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.694-701
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• 2004

In this paper, we proposed a feature-based tracking system that traces moving objects with a pan-tilt camera after separating the global motion of an active camera and the local motion of moving objects. The tracking system traces only the local motion of the comer features in the foreground objects by finding the block motions between two consecutive frames using a block-based motion estimation and eliminating the global motion from the block motions. For the robust estimation of the camera motion using only the background motion, we suggest a dominant motion extraction to classify the background motions from the block motions. We also propose an efficient clustering algorithm based on the attributes of motion trajectories of corner features to remove the motions of noise objects from the separated local motion. The proposed tracking system has demonstrated good performance for several test video sequences.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.211-220
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• 2016

Objectives : Facial nerve palsy is a rare but well-known complication that occurs after a tooth extraction. The paralysis follows the injection of a local anesthetic, but patients typically recover after a few hours. However, there are a number of reports of delayed paralysis, and the cause of delayed facial palsy remains uncertain. This study is the first case report detailing how Korean medicine can be used to treat facial nerve palsy following tooth extraction. This study reports our experience of a patient's favorable recovery. Methods : A 25-year-old male patient experienced acute facial palsy after four premolar teeth were extracted. He was hospitalized in the Pusan National University Korean Medical Hospital. We provided complex Korean traditional medical treatments such as acupuncture, cupping, use of a hot water steamer, and herbal medicine for 18 days. Results : Using the Yanagihara Grading Score, we found improvements in the patient's voluntary facial movement as his score increased from 22 to 34. Furthermore, his accompanying symptoms, such as dry eye and facial pain, disappeared. However, the patient reported transient pain around acupoints after the acupuncture intervention. Conclusion : Our study suggests that Korean medical treatments might be effectively used to treat facial nerve palsy after tooth extraction, although further research should be conducted due to the limited number of cases in this area.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.489-495
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• 2010

Hyperspectral imaging obtains information with a wider wavelength range a large number of bands. However, a high correlation between each band, computation cost, and noise causes inaccurate results in cases of no pre-processing. The noises of band extraction and elimination positively necessary in hyperspectral imaging. Since the previous studies have used a characteristic the whole image, a local characteristic of the image is considered for the noise band extraction. In this study, the Quadtree, which is a data structure algorithm. and the fractal dimension are adopted for noise band extraction in Hyperion images. The fractal dimensions of the segments divided by the Quadtree structure are calculated, and variation is used. We focused on the extraction of random noise bands in Hyperion images and compared them with the reference data made by visual decisions. The proposed algorithm extracts the most bands, including random noises. It is possible to eliminate more than 30 noise bands, regardless of images.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.203-216
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• 2003

In this paper a new feature extraction and target classification method is proposed for the recognition part of FLIR(Forwar Looking Infrared)-image-based ATR system. Proposed feature extraction method is "cluster(=set of classes)-based"version of previous fisherfaces method that is known by its robustness to illumination changes in face recognition. Expecially introduced class clustering and cluster-based projection method maximizes the performance of fisherfaces method. Proposed target image classification method is based on the mixture of experts model which consists of RBF-type experts and MLP-type gating networks. Mixture of experts model is well-suited with ATR system because it should recognizee various targets in complexed feature space by variously mixed conditions. In proposed classification method, one expert takes charge of one cluster and the separated structure with experts reduces the complexity of feature space and achieves more accurate local discrimination between classes. Proposed feature extraction and classification method showed distinguished performances in recognition test with customized. FLIR-vehicle-image database. Expecially robustness to pixelwise sensor noise and un-wanted intensity variations was verified by simulation.