• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2018

Buses, one of the representative public transportation modes, are divided into a vareity of service types according to the purpose of operation, operating distance, and management agencies. Although bus-involved crashes may cause large amount of damage due to the higher number of passengers boarded on a bus, prior research has little focused on crash severity according to bus service types. This study aims to investigate factors influencing crash severity in bus-involved crashes and to present policy implications to reduce crash severity by bus service type. To do this, bus-involved crash data from the Traffic Accident Analysis System (TAAS) during five-year period are used. Ordered probit models for three types of bus service, i.e., city bus, suburban and express buses, and charter buses, are estimated to analyze the factors of accident severity. The results show that there are significant differences of factors affecting crash severity among the types of bus services while speed and road surface influence all the types of buses. In case of local buses, time of day, roadway alignment, and installation of a traffic signal are found to be statistically significant factors. Seat belt and road class have significant effects on injury severity of the intercity and express buses. Chartered buses have time of day, driving experience, seatbelt, traffic signal, and day of week as the significant factors. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the reduction of the crash severity by each bus service type.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.63-71
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• 2012

Recently, web portals have been offering georeferenced SLI(Street-Level Imagery) services, such as Google Streetview. The SLI has a distinctive strength over aerial images or vector maps because it gives us the same view as we see the real world on the street. Based on the characteristic, applicability of the SLI can be increased substantially through conflation with other spatial datasets. However, spatial inconsistency between different datasets is the main reason to decrease the quality of conflation when conflating them. Therefore, this research aims to remove the spatial inconsistency to conflate an SLI with a widely used 2D vector map. The removal of the spatial inconsistency is conducted through three sub-processes of (1) road intersection matching between the SLI trace and the road layer of the vector map for detecting CPPs(Control Point Pairs), (2) inaccurate CPPs filtering by analyzing the trend of the CPPs, and (3) local alignment using accurate CPPs. In addition, we propose an evaluation method suitable for conflation result including an SLI, and verify the effect of the removal of the spatial inconsistency.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.85-90
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• 2007

The chicken liver has been involved in various biological functions including detoxification, glycogen storage and plasma protein synthesis. The aim of this study was to investigate differentially expressed genes in chicken liver in four different growing stages. Using 10 arbitrary Annealing Control Primers (ACPs), five differentially expressed genes have been identified. Based on the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) search results, three of them were matched with previously known genes, and the other two were matched with unknown EST sequence and a hypothetical protein, respectively. In order to confirm the expression results, quantitative real-time PCR was also performed. The high similarities between the expression data using arbitrary ACPs and quantitative real-time PCR indicate that the identified genes are the real differentially expressed genes in different growing stages. The genes identified in this study can be used as valuable biomarkers in chicken with further investigation of the functions.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.229-236
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• 2020

Sixty-five molds isolated from clinical specimens were included in this study. All the isolates were molds that could be identified morphologically, strains that are difficult to identify because of morphological similarities, and strains that require species-level identification. PCR and direct sequencing were performed to target the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the D1/D2 region, and the β-tubulin gene. Comparative sequence analysis using the GenBank database was performed using the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) algorithm. The fungi identified morphologically to the genus level were 67%. Sequencing analysis was performed on 62 genera and species level of the 65 strains. Discrepancies were 14 (21.5%) of the 65 strains between the results of phenotypic and molecular identification. B. dermatitidis, T. marneffei, and G. argillacea were identified for the first time in Korea using the DNA sequencing method. Morphological identification is a very useful method in terms of the reporting time and costs in cases of frequently isolated and rapid growth, such as Aspergillus. When molecular methods are employed, the cost and clinical significance should be considered. On the other hand, the molecular identification of molds can provide fast and accurate results.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of the study was to isolate gossypol-degrading bacteria and to assess its potential for gossypol degradation. Methods: Rumen liquid was collected from fistulated cows grazing the experimental pasture. Approximately 1 mL of the rumen liquid was spread onto basal medium plates containing 2 g/L gossypol as the only source of carbon and was then cultured at $39^{\circ}C$ to isolate gossypol-degrading bacteria. The isolated colonies were cultured for 6 h and then their size and shape observed by microscope and scanning electron microscope. The 16S rRNA gene of isolated colonies was sequenced and aligned using National Center for Biotechnology Information-Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. The various fermentation conditions, initial pH, incubation temperature, inoculum level and fermentationperiod were analyzed in cottonseed meal (CSM). The crude protein (CP), total gossypol (TG), and free gossypol (FG) were determined in CSM after fermentation with isolated strain at $39^{\circ}C$ for 72 h. Results: Screening results showed that a single bacterial isolate, named Rumen Bacillus Subtilis (RBS), could use gossypol as a carbon source. The bacterium was identified by 16S rDNA sequencing as being 98% homologous to the sequence of Bacillus subtilis strain GH38. The optimum fermentation conditions were found to be 72 h, $39^{\circ}C$, pH 6.5, moisture 50%, inoculum level $10^7cell/g$. In the optimum fermentation conditions, the FG and TG content in fermented CSM decreased 78.86% and 49% relative to the control. The content of CP and the essential amino acids of the fermented CSM increased respectively, compared with the control. Conclusion: The isolation of a gossypol-degrading bacterium from the cow rumen is of great importance for gossypol biodegradation and may be a valuable potential source for gossypol-degradation of CSM.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.127-133
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• 1998

An impacted tooth is defined pathologically as a tooth that remains under the mucosa of inside bone without eruption of the crown after a specific period of eruption. Clinically, the term includes those teeth, even before eruption period, that are not expected to erupt due to shape, position and alignment of tooth and lack of space. Canine is prone to impaction more than other teeth because it has the longest time to develop and a complex route from the place of formation to the site of eruption. The impaction incidence of maxillary canine is repoted 0.92$\sim$3.3% (Ferguson, 1990). In 1995 Orton reported that the incidence was 0.92$\sim$2.2% and palatal impaction was more frequent than labial impaction(85%:15%). In 1969 Johnston presented it was more common to woman than to man(3:1). The etiology includes systemic disease such as endocrine disorder, cleidocranial dysostosis, irradiation, Crouzon syndrome, ricketts, facial hemihypertrophy and hereditary and local problems such as ectopic position of the tooth, distance of tooth from its place of eruption, malformation of the tooth, presence of supernumerary teeth, trauma of tooth germ, infection of tooth germ, displacement of tooth germ or tooth by a neoplasm, ankylosis, overretention of deciduous predecessor, lack of space for the tooth in the dental arch and mucosal barrier due to gingival fibrosis. The maxillary canine is especially important as it has the longest root, provides guidance for lateral movement of the mandible and masticatory function and assumes an important role esthetically as it is located at mouth angle. If left untreated, it may cause migration and external, internal resorption of adjacent teeth, loss of arch length, formation of dentigerous cyst or tumors, infection and referred pain as well as malposition of the tooth. Therefore, periodic examination of the development and eruption of the maxillary canine is especially important in a growing child. This case study presents the results of treatment of palatally impacted maxillary canine utilizing surgical exposure and orthodontic tooth movement on patients visiting SNUDH dept. of pediatric dentistry.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.25-34
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• 2008

A new hybrid oedometer cell is designed and manufactured to investigate a behavior of soft soils by using elastic and electromagnetic waves during consolidation test. Bender elements, which generate and detect shear waves, are placed in the top cap and the bottom plate and mounted on the oedometer wall. Double wedge type electrical resistance probe, which measures local void ratio change, is positioned onto the top cap of the oedometer cell. The bender elements and the electrical resistance probe are anchored into a nylon set screw with epoxy resin. The nylon set screw with epoxy resin minimizes directly transmited elastic waves through the oedometer cell due to impedence mismatch and allows for easy replacement of defected bender elements and electrical resistance probe. Primary consolidation time can be estimated from the slope of electrical resistance versus log time curve and the evolution of shear wave velocity. The shear wave velocity can be used to assess inherent anisotropy when disturbance effects are minimized because particle alignment affects the shear wave velocity. The void ratios evaluated by the electrical resistance probe are similar to those by the settlement during consolidation. This study suggests that the shear wave velocity and the electrical resistance can provide complementary imformations to understand consolidation characteristics such as primary consolidation, anisotropy, and void ratio.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.558-568
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• 2023

Vibrio vulnificus is an aquatic bacterium causing septicemia and wound infection in humans. To understand this pathogen at the genomic level, it was performed whole genome sequencing of a cefoxitin-resistant strain, V. vulnificus 1908-10 possessing virulence-related genes (vvhA, viuB, and vcgC) isolated from Gadeok island coastal seawater in South Korea. The genome of V. vulnificus 1908-10 consisted of two circular contigs and no plasmid. The total genome size was estimated to be 5,018,425 bp with a guanine-cytosine (GC) content of 46.9%. We found 119 tRNA and 34 rRNA genes respectively in the genome, along with 4,352 predicted protein sequences. Virulence factor (VF) analysis further revealed that V. vulnificus 1908-10 possess various virulence genes in classes of adherence, antiphagocytosis, chemotaxis and motility, iron uptake, quorum sensing, secretion system, and toxin. In the comparison of the presence/absence of virulence genes, V. vulnificus 1908-10 had fur, hlyU, luxS, ompU, pilA, pilF, rtxA, rtxC, and vvhA. Of the 30 V. vulnificus comparative strains, 80% of the C-genotype strains have all of these genes, whereas 40% of the E-genotype strains have all of them. In particular, pilA were identified in 80% of the C-type strains and 40% of the E-type strains, showing more difference than other genes. Therefore, V. vulnificus 1908-10 had similar VF characteristics to those of type C strains. Multifunctional-autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (MARTX) toxin of V. vulnificus 1908-10 contained 8 A-type repeats (GXXGXXXXXG), 25 B.1-type repeats (TXVGXGXX), 18 B2-type repeats (GGXGXDXXX), and 7 C-type repeats (GGXGXDXXX). The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) showed that the RtxA protein of V. vulnificus 1908-10 had the effector domain in the order of cross-liking domain (ACD)-C58_PaToxP-like domain- α/β hydrolase-C58_PaToxP-like domain.