• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.145-159
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• 2004

The conventional method for assessment of liquefaction potential proposed by Seed and Idriss has been widely used in most countries because of simplicity of tests. Even though various data such as stress, strain, stress path, and excess pore water pressure can be obtained from the dynamic test, especially, two simple experimental data such as the maximum deviatoric stress and the number of cycles at liquefaction have been used in the conventional assessment. In this study, a new detailed assessment for liquefaction potential to reflect both characteristics of real earthquake motion and dynamic soil resistance is proposed and verified. In the assessment, the safety factor of the liquefaction potential at a given depth of a site can be obtained by the ratio of a resistible cumulative plastic shear strain determined through the performance of the conventional cyclic test and a driving cumulative plastic shear strain calculated from the shear strain time history through the ground response analysis. The last point to cumulate the driving plastic shear strain to initiate soil liquefaction is important for this assessment. From the result of cyclic triaxial test using real earthquake motions, it was concluded that liquefaction under the impact-type earthquake loads would initiate as soon as a peak loading signal was reached. The driving cumulative plastic shear strain, therefore, can be determined by adding all plastic shear strains obtained from the ground response analysis up to the peak point. Through the verification of the proposed assessment, it can be concluded that the proposed assessment for liquefaction potential can be a progressive method to reflect both characteristics of the unique soil resistance and earthquake parameters such as peak earthquake signal, significant duration time, earthquake loading type, and magnitude.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.1007-1018
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• 2009

Hydrocyclone is widely used in industry, because of its simplicity in design, high capacity, low maintenance and operational cost. The separation action of a hydrocyclone treating particulate slurry is a consequence of the swirling flow that produces a centrifugal force on the fluid and suspended particles. In spite of hydrocyclone have many advantage, the application for treatment of urban stormwater case study were rare. We conducted a laboratory scale study on treatable potential of micro particles using hydrocyclone filter (HCF) that was a combined modified hydrocyclone with perlite filter cartridge. Since it was not easy to use actual storm water in the scaled-down hydraulic model investigations, it was necessary to reproduce ranges of particles sizes with synthetic materials. The synthesized storm runoff was made with water and addition of particles; ion exchange resin, road sediment, commercial area manhole sediment, and silica gel particles. Experimental studies have been carried out about the particle separation performance of HCF-open system and HCF-closed system. The principal structural differences of these HCFs are underflow zone structure and vortex finder. HCF was made of acryl resin with 120 mm of diameter hydrocyclone and 250 mm of diameter filter chamber and overall height of 800 mm. To determine the removal efficiency for various influent concentrations of suspended solids (SS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), tests were performed with different operational conditions. The operated maximum of surface loading rate was about 700 $m^3/m^2$/day for HCF-open system, and 1,200 $m^3/m^2$/day for HCF-closed system. It was found that particle removal efficiency for the HCF-closed system is better than the HCF-open system under same surface loading rate. Results showed that SS removal efficiency with the HCF-closed system improved by about 8~20% compared with HCF-open system. The average removal efficiency difference for HCF-closed system between measurement and CFD particle tracking simulation was about 4%.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.515-525
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• 2007

In this investigation, results of laboratory tests on four reinforced concrete flat plate interior connections with elongated rectangular column support which has been used widely in tall residential buildings are presented. The purpose of this study is to evaluate an effect of column aspect ratio (${\beta}_c={c_1}/{c_2}$=side length ratio of column section in the direction of lateral loading $(c_1)$ to the direction of perpendicular to $c_1$) on the hysteretic behavior under earthquake type loading. The aspect ratio of column section was taken as $0.5{\sim}3\;(c_1/c_2=1/2,\;1/1,\;2/1,\;3/1)$ and the column perimeter was held constant at 1200mm in order to achieve nominal vertical shear strength $(V_c)$ uniformly. Other design parameters such as flexural reinforcement ratio $(\rho)$ of the slab and concrete strength$(f_{ck})$ was kept constant as ${\rho}=1.0%$ and $f_{ck}=40MPa$, respectively. Gravity shear load $(V_g)$ was applied by 30 percent of nominal vertical shear strength $(0.3V_o)$ of the specimen. Experimental observations on punching failure pattern, peak lateral-load and story drift ratio at punching failure, stiffness degradation and energy dissipation in the hysteresis loop, and steel and concrete strain distributions near the column support were examined and discussed in accordance with different column aspect ratio. Eccentric shear stress model of ACI 318-05 was evaluated with experimental results. A fraction of transferring moment by shear and flexure in the design code was analyzed based on the test results.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2005

An understanding of soil-structure interaction is the key to rational and economical design for laterally loaded drilled shafts. It is very difficult to formulate the ultimate lateral capacity into a general equation because of the inherent soil nonlincarity, nonhomogeneity, and complexity enhanced by the three dimensional and asymmetric nature of the problem though extensive research works on the behavior of deep foundations subjected to lateral loads have been conducted for several decades. This study reviews the four most well known methods (i.e., Reese, Broms, Hansen, and Davidson) among many design methods according to the specific site conditions, the drilled shaft geometric characteristics (D/B ratios), and the loading conditions. And the hyperbolic lateral capacities (H$_h$) interpreted by the hyperbolic transformation of the load-displacement curves obtained from model tests carried out as a part of this research have been compared with the ultimate lateral capacities (Hu) predicted by the four methods. The H$_u$ / H$_h$ ratios from Reese's and Hansen's methods are 0.966 and 1.015, respectively, which shows both the two methods yield results very close to the test results. Whereas the H$_u$ predicted by Davidson's method is larger than H$_h$ by about $30\%$, the C.0.V. of the predicted lateral capacities by Davidson is the smallest among the four. Broms' method, the simplest among the few methods, gives H$_u$ / H$_h$ : 0.896, which estimates the ultimate lateral capacity smaller than the others because some other resisting sources against lateral loading are neglected in this method. But it results in one of the most reliable methods with the smallest S.D. in predicting the ultimate lateral capacity. Conclusively, none of the four can be superior to the others in a sense of the accuracy of predicting the ultimate lateral capacity. Also, regardless of how sophisticated or complicated the calculating procedures are, the reliability in the lateral capacity predictions seems to be a different issue.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.327-335
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• 2009

In the seismic region, non-ductile structures often form soft story and exhibit brittle collapse. However, structure demolition and new structure construction strategies have serious problems, as construction waste, environmental pollution and popular complain. And these methods can be uneconomical. Therefore, to satisfy seismic performance, so many seismic retrofit methods have been investigated. There are some retrofit methods as infill walls, steel brace, continuous walls, buttress, wing walls, jacketing of column or beam. Among them, the infilled frames exhibit complex behavior as follows: flexible frames experiment large deflection and rotations at the joints, and infilled shear walls fail mainly in shear at relatively small displacements. Therefore, the combined action of the composite system differs significantly from that of the frame or wall alone. Purpose of research is evaluation on the seismic performance of infill walls, and improvement concept of this paper is use of SHCCs (strain-hardening cementitious composites) to absorb damage energy effectively. The experimental investigation consisted of cyclic loading tests on 1/3-scale models of infill walls. The experimental results, as expected, show that the multiple crack pattern, strength, and energy dissipation capacity are superior for SHCC infill wall due to bridging of fibers and stress redistribution in cement matrix.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.441-457
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• 2009

This study estimated ultimate load by the determination methods based on ultimate load, yield load and settlement using experimental data from static load tests that applied load to driven piles used in sandy grounds at home and overseas until failure appeared markedly. Estimated ultimate load was normalized with actually measured failure load, and was compared among the determination methods according to the characteristics of pile. In addition, I have identified to the determination methods suitable for estimating ultimate load, and reevaluated the safety factor when determining allowable load. From the results of this study were drawn conclusions as follows. Among ultimate loads estimated by the ultimate-load-based determination methods, the value interpreted by Chin's method tended to overestimate actual measurements, and B. Hansen 80% standard and the stability plot method were considered most reliable as their results were closest to actual measurements. According to the results of this study, in calculating the allowable load, if the safety factor to be applied to failing load obtained by the method of determining extreme load is converted to the safety factor applied to the Standards for Structure Foundation Design, a value larger than 3.0 should be applied except the B. Hansen 90% method, and a value larger than 2.0 should be applied in the methods of determining yield load. In addition, if the safety factor to be applied to load obtained by the settlement standard is converted based on safety factor 3.0 for extreme load, a value smaller than 3.0 should be applied to the total settlement standard and the net settlement standard.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.10-19
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• 2013

Recently, researches related to precast modular construction have been actively conducted for nuclear power plant, LNG gas tank, and small-medium PCCV as well as bridges and buildings. In this study, the precast panel cast with steel mesh reinforced mortar (SRM) which is similar reinforced ferrocement was developed for efficient precast construction, construction time reduction, and easy transportation. Mortar mixture with high strength and flowability was obtained from various case studies using silica fume and GGBS. Also, $1,200{\times}600{\times}150mm$ SRM and reinforced concrete (RC) panels were manufactured with reinforcing ratio of 2% and 4%. To verify structural performance of the SRM specimen, the basic material tests, free shrinkage test, and 3-point flexural test with a line loading were carried out. From the test results, it was determined that SRM specimens showed outstanding flexural capacity and ductility. However, the 4% reinforced SRM specimens must consider shear reinforcing to be used as a precast modular member.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.13-17
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• 2012

Recently, our ocean development paradigm is changing so that the development focus has been moved from the port facility developments to creating useful marine space. This paradigm accords well with the current green technology and helps the growth of service industries and the development from this paradigm can become a national land mark. Accordingly, the concept of creating marine waste landfill by the development of resource recycling technology has been introduced for eco-friendly space as an artificial island in future. Therefore, this study introduces the reactive vertical drainage method that is to pursue the purification of pollutants as well as stabilization of newly deposited soils in marine environments. To install the reactive vertical drainage piles for more effective feasibility and constructability, placements of drainage mid-layer are considered in the geotechnical viewpoint. Consolidation characteristics were evaluated by standard consolidation tests after several types of model test. As s result, the application of mid-layer drainage is strongly recommended in the reactive vertical drainage to quickly stabilize newly deposited soils. And vacuum consolidation method has better consolidation characteristic than vertical loading method in terms of the settlements predicted by additional stress for further use as an artificial island.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.53-60
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• 2013

The compaction control method of national road substructure is using field density test to determine the relative compaction and plate bearing test to check the load bearing capacity. However, these two tests digitize a construction site manager's judgment based on his experience, so mechanical basis is weak. Resilient modulus method, which is recently being used to resolve such problem, is evaluated as a rational design method of pavement structure that can rationally reflect the stress-strain state of pavement materials that is caused by the condition of load repetition of vehicle load. However, the method of measuring the resilient modulus is difficult and lengthy, and it has many problems. To replace it, light falling weight test is recently being proposed as a simple test method. Therefore, this research uses dynamic plate loading test, which quickly and simply measures the elastic modulus of the subgrade and sub-base construction and site of maintenance, to judge the possibility of compaction control of the stratum under the road, and it proposes relation formula by analyzing the result of static load test.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.37-46
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• 2014

Geotechnical structures have been analyzed and constructed in various geometry conditions to maintain their stability in accordance with the characteristics of construction design. Shear strengths are generally obtained from triaxial test to apply to design analysis. Geotechnical structures under strip loading, such as earth dam, embankment, and retaining wall, have the strain in a direction, and plane strain condition. Thus, an approximate shear strengths should be applied for stability analysis suitable to ground condition. When applying shear strengths obtained from triaxial tests for slope stability analysis, the evaluation of it may underestimate the factor of safety because the implementation is not suitable for geometry condition. The paper compares shear strengths obtained from triaxial test and plane strain test based on various relative densities using weathered granite soils. Additionally, yield stress is determined by maximum axial strain 15% in triaxial test because of continuous kinematic hardening, but plane strain test can determine a failure point in critical state to evaluate the shear strengths of soils at the second plastic hardening step. This study proposes to perform an appropriate test for many geotechnical problems with plane strain condition.