• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.104-113
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• 2001

Smallholder dairy production systems in developing countries are discussed with reference to type of systems, their characteristics, potential, and opportunities for improvement. Three types of dairy systems are identified and described: smallholder systems, smallholder cooperative dairy production systems, and intensive dairy production systems. The first two systems are by far the most important, and are associated with increasing intensification. Buffaloes are especially important in South Asia, but elsewhere dairy production mainly involves Holstein-Friesian cross-bred cattle. Dairy goats are important in some countries, but are generally neglected in development programmes. The expansion and intensification of smallholder dairy production is fueled by increased demand for milk with associated problems of milk handling and distribution, hygiene and environmental pollution. The major constraints to production are inter alia, choice of species, breeds and availability of animals; feed resources and improved feeding systems; improved breeding, reproduction, and animal health care; management of animal manure, and organised marketing, and market outlets. These constraints provide major opportunities and challenges for research and development to increase dairy production, efficient management of natural resources, and improved livelihoods of poor farmers. Specific areas for research are identified, as also the need of a holistic focus involving interdisciplinary research and integrated natural resource management, in a shared partnership between farmers and scientists that can demonstrate increased productivity and sustainable production systems. Suggestions for performance indicators in smallholder dairy production systems are indicated.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.354-361
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate whether several composted liquid manures (CLMs) are useful for biological control of large patch on zoysiagrass and investigate the chemical and biological factors to suppress large patch in soil treated with CLMs. The CLMs were produced at 4 different facilities for livestock excretion treatments located in Korea. Field experiments were carried out at 5 golf courses located near each facility. CLM and Chemical fertilizer (CF: water soluble fertilizer, 20-20-20) were applied four and three times with N at $12g\;m^{-2}$ per year, respectively. There was significant increase of concentration of K, Na, and Cu of soil treated with CLM compared to CF treatment. Among experimental plots, CN and GG2 plot sites were shown significant higher effect of biological control 80% and 50% respectively against large patch disease. The number of bacteria, Actinomycetes, and fungi in soil at these sites significantly increased and fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity was enhanced, while the soil was treated with CLM. The results of this study demonstrated that CLM application has effect on soil to suppress large patch and reduce the use of fungicide in environment-friendly turf management.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.21-29
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• 2018

The contents of total nitrogen(T-N), phosphate($T-P_2O_5$), and potash($T-K_2O$) are important factors to determine the application rate of the livestock compost to prevent nutrients accumulation and maintain their appropriate levels in arable lands. The concentrations of nutrient, organic matter, salt, water content, heavy metal in livestock compost in circulation were investigated with 659 samples from 2016 to 2017. In order to investigate the fluctuation nutrient contents of livestock composts with the same product name, 19 samples were collected and analyzed T-N, and $T-P_2O_5$, and $T-K_2O$ concentration during two years. The mean levels of T-N, $T-P_2O_5$, and $T-K_2O$ in livestock composts of from 2016 to 2017 were 1.73%, 1.88%, and 1.66%, respectively. The average contents of organic matter, water, and salt were 38.9%, 40.9%, and 1.2%, respectively. There were found that the maximum concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn in some livestock composts were exceeded the criteria of the official standard of commercial fertilizer. The maximum variation coefficient of T-N, $T-P_2O_5$ and $T-K_2O$ content of livestock composts was found to be 24%, 27%, and 50% on average, respectively. In order to manage the nutrients in agricultural soils, it will be reasonable that the error range of T-N and $T-P_2O_5$ content in livestock composts should be recommended to be 27% in mean as variation coefficient in case of displaying the nutrient element in liverstock compost.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.644-649
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• 2010

The main objective of this research was to evaluate physicochemical properties of commercially available fertilizer manufactured with different sources (swine, cattle, poultry, and mixed manure) in Korea. Results of this research showed that average content of organics was ranged 39.11-40.78% depending on different sources with the highest value in swine manure. Average water contents in fertilizer was ordered swine > cattle > mixed > poultry, and ranged 37.00-42.16%. Total of 8 heavy metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn) were investigated and no significant difference was observed for average concentration of heavy metals depending on different sources except Zn and Cu. For both heavy metals, fertilizer manufactured with swine manure showed higher concentration (346.34 mg/kg for Zn and 117.00 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Cu) than other fertilizers mainly due to feed contents. More long term monitoring would be necessary to make best management practice for commercially available fertilizer in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.662-669
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• 2017

This study evaluated the ecotoxicological properties of livestock waste water treated by a LID (Low Impact Development) system, using a mixture of bio-reeds and bio-ceramics as suitable bed media for a subsequent treatment process of a livestock wastewater treatment plant. The relationship between the pollutant reduction rate and the ecotoxicity was analyzed with the effluents from the inlet pilot plant, with vegetated swale and wetlands and the batch type of an infiltration trench. Each pilot plant consisted of a bio process using bio-reeds and bio-ceramics as bed media, as well as a general process using general reeds and a bed as a control group. The results indicated that, after applying the HRT 24 hour LID method, the ecotoxicity was considerably lowered and the batch type pilot plant was shown to be effective for toxicity reduction. The LID method is expected to be effective for water quality management, considering ecotoxicity by not only as a nonpoint source pollution abatement facility but also, as a subsequent treatment process linked with a livestock manure purification facility. It is necessary to take the LID technic optimization study further to apply it as a subsequent process for livestock wastewater treatment.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2013

We planned to study how the chemical disposal designed by SOP can affect on physicochemical compositions of the livestock excrement. According to Livestock Manure Management Scheme, we experimented in two steps; the first step, NaOH treatment-Citric acid neutralization, and then the second procedure, Thermophilic Aerobic Oxidation (TAO) system. Physicochemical compositions of the 3-days-old samples after NaOH treatment were pH 10.31, EC 24.54 mS/cm, SCOD 3,022 mg/L, T-N 4,315 mg/L, $NH{_4}^+-N$ 1,960 mg/L, and not detected E. coli.. And those of one-day-old samples after citric acid neutralization were pH 7.36, EC 32.89 mS/cm, $SCOD_{Mn}$ 12,733 mg/L, T-N 4,787 mg/L, $NH{_4}^+-N$ 2,450 mg/L, and E. coli. not detected. In contrast, the physicochemical compositions of the treatment plots after the second treatment with TAO system (72hr) were pH 9.42 EC 24.21 mS/cm, $SCOD_{Mn}$ 3,660 mg/L, T-N 3,616 mg/L, $NH{_4}^+-N$ 1,190 mg/L, and no detection of E. coli.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.5-13
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• 2021

Ammonia, primarily originating from urinary urea of the livestock manure, is known to play as a major precursor of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) generation which leads to a decrease in air quality and to harmful effects on public health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) addition on inhibition of ammonia conversion from urea. The experiment was performed at different urea concentration (500-4,000 mg Urea-N/L), AHA concentration (0-4,000 mg AHA/L), pHs (pH 6-10), and temperature (10-35℃). The result showed that the urease inhibition efficiency increased at higher concentration of AHA. However, the specific urease inhibition activity decreased at higher pH, showing 867.1±6.7 Unit/g AHA at pH 6 and 1,167.9±17.4 Unit/g AHA at pH 10, respectively. Decreased urease inhibition efficiency at both AHA and control was observed at higher temperature. This finding indicates that AHA can be used as the urease inhibitor for reducing ammonia emission in the management of livestock manure.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.661-669
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• 2017

A distributed watershed model CAMEL (Chemicals, Agricultural Management and Erosion Losses) was applied to a small rural watershed where intensive livestock farming sites are located to estimate nitrate leaching rates from soil to groundwater. The model was calibrated against the stream flows, and T-N and $NO_3-N$ concentrations were observed at the watershed outlet for three rainfall events in 2014. The simulation results showed good agreement with the observed stream flows ($R^2=0.67{\sim}0.93$), T-N concentrations ($R^2=0.40{\sim}0.58$) and $NO_3-N$ concentrations ($R^2=0.43{\sim}0.65$). The estimated annual nitrate leaching rate of the watershed was 33.0 kg N/ha/yr. The contributing proportions of individual activities to the total nitrate leaching rate of the watershed were estimated for livestock farming, applications of chemical fertilizer, and manure. The simulation results showed that the highest contributor to the nitrate leaching rate of the watershed was chemical fertilizer applications. The simulation period was for one year only, however, and results may vary depending on different conditions. Gathering input data over a longer period of time and monitoring data for calibration is needed. When this has been accomplished, it is expected that this model can be applied to small rural watersheds for evaluating temporal and spatial variations of nitrogen transformations and transport processes.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.600-627
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• 2016

Korea is one of the countries with a large veterinary antibiotics market, although antimicrobial resistance in bacteria is becoming a serious issue in many countries. The Korean government started to take interest in estimating the effects of livestock manure on rivers and agricultural soils and in monitoring of heavy metals, organic pollutants and antibiotics in the ambient water and soil. In this paper, pre-treatment methods to separate the selected antibiotics from solid samples were reviewed. It is essential to select an efficient and appropriate procedure for pre-treatment due to the high proportion of proteins and organics in biosolid samples. Pre-treatment consists of extraction followed by clean-up. Initially, homogenized samples were extracted by sonication, mechanical agitation or pressurized liquid extraction with methanol/acetonitrile/water mixture under acidic/basic conditions depending on the compound. However, aminoglycosides and colistin were extracted with 5% trichloroacetic acid and HCl, respectively. Since the ${\beta}-lactams$ are easily decomposed in acidic and basic conditions, they were extracted in neutral pH. Filtration with a membrane (pore size, $0.2{\mu}m$) or solid phase extraction with HLB and methanol, as eluents, was normally applied for the clean-up. At least, three different pre-treatment procedures should be adopted to screen all the selected antibiotics in solid samples.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.33-43
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• 2013

That occur in the ocean and the efficient management of marine litter on marine pollution oil spill response one step further strategies are needed. Marine pollution accidents occurred in 2011, a total of 287 and was found in runoff 369 kL, respectively compared to the previous year decreased by 13% and 39%. Average amount of marine materials during 5-years represent the oil flow of 310.5 kL (heavy fuel oil of 106.0 kL, diesel of 178.9 kL, oily bilge water of 22.3 kL, other oil of 7.7 kL) and the waste of 62.3 tons, the hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) was 510.6 kL. Marine emissions in 2011 by type of waste that a total amount of dumping 3,972 $m^3$, and livestock manure 795 $m^3$(20%), waste water 1,431 $m^3$(36%), sewage sludge 887 $m^3$(22%), wastewater sludge, 813 $m^3$(21%), manure 5 $m^3$(0.1%), other 41 $m^3$(0.9%), respectively. The concept of marine waste and needs to be more clearly defined. Integrated management of hazardous chemicals according to the incident management system should be established. To remove of coastal pollution, response officer needs korean coast response system. Like the marine pollution response, coastal pollution response systems also require step response.