• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.81-95
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• 1999

Among oriental medicine,s literatures, through Hwang-Je-Nae-Kyung(黃帝內徑) to Chung(淸), I extracted contents related to atrophy syndrome(?證). And studied it,s pathophysiology, therapy and treatment. Then, I concluded that result same below 1. The pathophysiologies of atrophy syndrome are lung heat(肺熱) & decreasing of it,s circulation, making liver and stomach weaken & difficulty it's circulation, injurious to liver and kidney & atrophy of bonemarrow and muscle. 2. The most important point of atrophy syndrome therapy is Yang-Myung(陽明). The Priority of therapy is stomach & liver,s balance. And then we must protect acquired human function & clean humidity & temperature of Yang-Myung(陽明). under the principle of decreasing south organ,s function & protecting north organ,s function, we should Ja-Yeum-Chung-Yeul(滋陰淸熱). so remove temperature of lung & protect liver and kidney & make strong stomach. 3. Among the therapy of atrophy syndrome in literatures Yi-Jin-Tang(二陳湯), Sa-Gun-Ja-Tang(四君子湯), Sa-Mul-Tang-Je(四物湯劑), Ho-Jam-Hwan(虎蠶丸), Dong-Won-Geun-Bo-Hwan(東垣健步丸) and Chung-Jo-Tang(淸燥湯) were many. These make strong spleen & dry humidity organ using Sa-Gun-Ja-Tang(四君子湯)and Yi-Jin-Tang(二陳湯) by Dog-Cheu-Yang-Myung(獨取陽明) method. Sa-Mul-Tang(四物湯), Phellodendri cortex(黃柏), Radix sophorae flavescentis(苦蔘), Carapax Testudinis(龜板) bitter taste make strong Yeum(陰) & decrease Yang(陽) so important human muscle powerful. Ho-Jam-Hwan(虎蠶丸), Dong-Won-Geun-Bo-Hwan(東垣健步丸), Chung-Jo-Tang(淸燥湯) make Chung-Yeul-Jo-Seup(淸熱燥濕), protect liver and kidney & strong muscle and bone. Besides Gum-Gang-Hwan(金剛丸), Yi-Myo-Hwan(二妙丸), Nok-Gak-Geu-Hwan(鹿角膠丸)&Ga-Mi-Sa-Geun-Hwan(加味四斤丸) were used in treatment of atrophy syndrome.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 2018

Liver size is an important component in the diagnosis and follow-up of diffuse liver disease when testing for liver disease using ultrasonography. However, difficulties lies in determining the presence of hepatomegaly and liver atrophy because the method used for measuring liver size differs from one examiner to another and there is no relevant standard based on body build. The present study aims to propose a more objective method for liver size measurement and a reference range based on body build. A total of 260 normal adults (130 males, 130 females) participated in the study. Ultrasonography was performed in all participants to measure the size of the right lobe, left lobe, quadrate lobe, and caudate lobe of liver. Based on Physique Index(PI), a value derived from multiplying weight(kg) by height($m^2$), size of physique was divided into three groups including Group I with PI<150, Group II with $150{\leq}PI{\leq}250$, and Group III with PI>250. Thus, mean liver size by PI and a reference range with 95% reliability were suggested. The superoinferior diameter of right lobe was $12.34{\pm}1.18cm$ in males and $11.07{\pm}0.93cm$ in females, and its reference range was 10.64~11.0cm for Group I, 11.78~12.12cm for Group II, and 13.02~13.84cm for Group III. The anteroposterior diameter(T) of left lobe was $5.93{\pm}1.09cm$ in males and $5.18{\pm}0.99cm$ in females, and its reference range was 4.77~5.17cm for Group I, 5.49~5.79cm for Group II, and 6.68~7.44cm for Group III. The transverse diameter was $3.51{\pm}0.60cm$ in male participants and $3.42{\pm}0.49cm$ in female participants and its reference range was 3.29~3.51cm for Group I, 3.36~3.55cm for Group II, and 3.52~4.0cm for Group III. The caudate lobe index was $11.65{\pm}2.88cm^2$ in males and $9.62{\pm}2.18cm^2$ in females and its reference range was $8.83{\sim}9.75cm^2$ for Group I, $10.62{\sim}11.47cm^2$ for Group II, and $11.89{\sim}14.26cm^2$ for Group III. As a basic measurement method of liver size, the present study suggests measuring the superoinferior diameter for right liver lobe, the anteroposterior diameter for left liver lobe, the transverse diameter for quadrate lobe, and the caudate lobe index for caudate lobe. It is expected that this method along with its relevant reference range can be used as useful indicators in determining hepatomegaly and liver atrophy upon the diagnosis and follow-up testing of diffuse liver disease.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.311-321
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• 2016

Chronic or acute alcohol abuse often leads to liver injury associated with alcoholic hepatitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. In addition to the liver, alcohol abuse also induces a variety of other tissue injuries including pancreatitis, cardiomyopathy, neurotoxicity and muscle loss. Chronic skeletal muscle myopathy, independent of peripheral neuropathy, is well recognised in alcoholic patients. Several mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of alcoholic myopathy. Ethanol is a potent inhibitor of muscle protein synthesis. Gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles are Type II fiber-predominant and usually considered representative of the musculature as a whole. Whereas, soleus muscle is Type I fiber predominant. Shihosogan-san is a traditional Korean medicine that is widely employed to treat indigestion and liver diseases. Muscle diseases are often related to liver diseases and conditions. We therefore tested the hypothesis that treatment with Shihosogan-san could ameliorate the ethanol-induced changes in muscle protein synthesis. Young male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally given 25% ethanol (5ml/kg, body weight) daily with Ethanol for 28 days. Normal group was similarly administrated with saline. In Shihosogan-san treated group, rats were orally administrated Shihosogan-san extract, and rats of EtOH group were given with the vehicle only. After 4 week, the morphology of gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. For comparative purposes, liver function was also investigated. The muscles from rats of EtOH group displayed a significant reduction in average cross section area compared to Normal group. Shihosogan-san treated group had increased fiber compared to the EtOH group. Moreover, Shihosogan-san treated group compared with EtOH group showed significantly decreased pro-apoptotic BAX expression and increased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression. In conclusion, Shihosogan-san extract showed ameliorating effects on chronic alcohol toxicity in skeletal muscle.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.179-184
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of short-term undernutrition on muscle weight and Type I and II fiber cross-sectional area of hindlimb muscles in undernourished rats. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups: The undernourished (UN) group (n=9) and the control (C) group (n=9). A control group was allowed to have water and pellet ad libitum for 5 days. Undernutrition was induced by providing 32% of total intake of the control group for 5 days. Body weight of two groups and food intake of the control group were measured every day. At 6 days all rats were anesthetized and soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius muscles, and liver were dissected. Body weight, food intake, muscle weight, liver weight and cross-sectional area were determined. Results: The UN group at 6 days after undernutrition showed significant decreases, as compared to the control group in body weight, liver weight, muscle weight of soleus, plantaris, and gastrocnemius, and Type I fiber cross-sectional area of soleus and gastrocnemius muscles and Type II fiber cross-sectional area of plantaris and gastrocnemius muscles. Conclusion: Hindlimb muscle atrophy occurs from the short-term undernutrition.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.297-300
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• 2010

A female reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), 20-month-old, 342 kg, died at Seoul Zoo on January 2, 2009 after a stressful episode of chronic diarrhea. Given the appearances postmortem, it was strongly suspected that the giraffe suffered from malnutrition for a long time. Typical appearances of serous fat atrophy were shown on most fat tissues of body organs such as heart, bone, liver, mesentery and kidney. In this study, the sudden death that had been known as "peracute mortality syndrome" was clearly identified to have resulted from a lack of understanding the Browser's diet and general failure in giraffe husbandry. Individualized care and high quality hay must be provided to compensate higher consumption of metabolic energy and to prevent animal loss in winter season.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.175-192
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• 1978

Chlorination of the polluted water may produce odoriferous and objectionable-tasting chlorophenols which are hazardous to health. These studies were undertaken to investigate the hazardous effects of chlorophenols to the rat. 1. The chlorophenols such as o-chlorophenol and 2,6-dichlorophenol inhibited rat growth and caused increment of the ratio between liver weight and body weight. 2. The hemoglobin content, hamatocrit ratio and A/G of rat blood were decreased by chlorophenols administration. The activities of alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) in serum as well as in liver were increased provisonally and decreased after one or two weeks adminstration. 3. The liver mitochondrial respiration ($QO_{2}$) was inhibited by chlorophenols treatment in in-vivo and in-vitro test. 4. The liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 was decreased by chlorophenols administration 5. Liver tissue was degenerated with congestion, atrophy, swelling, vacuolation, dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and denature of mitochondrial particle with swelling, and cristal destruction by chlorophenols adminstration. 6. After one and two weeks of adminstration of chlorophenols to rat, the aberrations of bone marrow chromosome and inhibition of its mitosis were observed respectively.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.3549-3554
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• 2013

Background: It is generally accepted that gastric carcinomas are preceded by a sequential multistage process that includes chronic gastritis, gastric atrophy, usually with intestinal metaplasia (IM), and dysplasia. This series of changes in gastric carcinogenesis is often initiated by Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection. The aim of the present study was determination of gastric histopathologic changes in IM patients after at least one year in Guilan province, Iran. Materials and Methods: This case-series study was conducted in Guilan Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center (GLDRC) during 2010 to 2011. Gastric biopsy was performed for all 71 known cases of IM and precanceric lesions including gastric atrophy, IM, dysplasia and H pylori infection were determined after at least one year. Results: Of the total of 71 patients with established IM who were enrolled, 50 had complete-type IM and 21 had incomplete-type IM. Fifty two people had H pylori infection. H pylori eradication was achieved in 39 patients (75%). Secondary pathology findings of patients with IM were complete metaplasia (39.4%), incomplete metaplasia (32.4%), dysplasia (23.9%) and other precanceric lesions (4.2%). Dysplasia (20%vs 33%) occurred in patients who had complete and incomplete IM at baseline respectively (p>0.05). Age, gender, family history of gastric cancer(GC); smoking habits and NSAIDs use were not associated with gastric premalignant lesions in initial and secondary pathologies (p>0.05). The difference became statistically significant between H pylori infection in patients with more than 3 years diagnostic intervals (p<0.05). Statistical difference between eradicators and non-eradicators was not significant. Conclusions: We found that incomplete IM increased the risk of subsequent dysplasia in this study.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.153-161
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• 2016

Chronic alcoholic myopathy is one of the most common skeletal muscle disorders. It is characterized by a reduction in the entire skeletal musculature, skeletal muscle weakness, and difficulties in gait. Patients with alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis have severe muscle loss that contributes to worsening outcome. Although the myopathy selectively affects Type II (fast twitch, glycolytic, anaerobic) skeletal muscle fibers, total skeletal musculature is reduced. The severity of the muscle atrophy is proportional to the duration and amount of alcohol consumed and leads to decreased muscle strength. The mechanisms for the myopathy are generally unknown but it is not due to overt nutritional deficiency, nor due to either neuropathy or severe liver disease. Skeletal muscle mass and protein content are maintained by a balance between protein synthesis and breakdown and in vivo animal models studies have shown that ethanol inhibits skeletal muscle protein synthesis. Daekumeumja is a traditional Korean medicine that is widely employed to treat various alcohol-induced diseases. Muscle diseases are often related to liver diseases and conditions. The main objective of this study was to assess that Daekumeumja extract could have protective effect against alcoholic myopathy in a Sprague-Dawley rat model. Rats were orally given 25% ethanol (5ml/kg, body weight) for 8 weeks. After 30 minutes, rats were administrated with Daekumeumja extract. Controls were similarly administrated with the vehicle alone. The weights of gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris muscles were assessed and the morphologic changes of gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles were also assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. In results, The muscles from ethanol treated rats displayed a significant reduction in muscle weight and average cross section area compared to Normal group. Daekumeumja extract treated group showed increased muscle weight and muscle fiber compared to the ethanol treated group. It was concluded that Daekumeumja extract showed ameliorating effects on chronic alcohol myopathy in skeletal muscle.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1896-1904
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• 2020

Muscle atrophy, characterized by a reduced number and size of myofibers, occurs due to immobilization, aging, and several chronic diseases. Leonurus japonicus, belonging to the Labiatae family, is widely used as a traditional medicine in Korea, China, and Japan. Previous studies have reported that L. japonicus has various physiological activities, such as anti-bacteria, anti-cancer, and liver protection. Leonurine, which is a major bioactive in L. japonicas, is known to possess biological effects including anti-inflammation, anti-fibrosis, anti-angiogenesis, and anti-diabetes. However, the preventive effects of L. japonicas and leonurine on muscle have not been reported. The current study aimed to determine the inhibitory effects of standardized L. japonicus extract (LJE) and leonurine on muscle atrophy by clarifying their underlying molecular mechanisms in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-stimulated L6 myotubes. LJE and leonurine stimulated the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway that was reduced by TNF-α treatment. LJE and leonurine not only increased the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway for protein anabolism but also decreased the mRNA expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases by blocking the translocation of Forkhead box O, which is closely linked with proteolysis. Additionally, LJE and leonurine alleviated inflammatory responses by downregulating TNF-α and interleukin-6 mRNA expression and reducing the protein expression of nuclear factor-kappa B, a major transcriptional factor of proinflammatory cytokines. Collectively, LJE and leonurine have potential as therapeutic candidates for inhibiting the development of skeletal muscle atrophy by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway and reducing inflammatory responses.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-3
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• 1978

When frozen sandeel Ammodytes personatus which had been stored for a long time, was given to yellowtail for 70 to 80 days, some mortality of the rearing fish began to appear. The liver of the diseased fish showed some yellowish brown discoloration and histopathological study revealed that fatty degeneration of the liver cells was obvious, and this degeneration was especially heavy around bile-duct. The cell nuclei showed atrophy.