• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.93-99
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• 2009

This study aimed to determine whether or not glycoprotein isolated from Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau fruit(CTB glycoprotein) exerts a hepatoprotective effect on liver injury induced by the administration of carbon tetrachloride($CCl_4$, 1.0mL/kg) to A/J mice. Following the administration of CTB glycoprotein(0-20mg/kg), the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), and glutathione peroxidase(GPx)), and the quantities of measured thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), and nitric oxide(NO) were evaluated from the murine liver tissues and plasma. Additionally, the activity of nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-${\kappa}B$) was assessed after pretreatment with $CCl_4$. When the mice were treated with $CCl_4$ alone, the activities of antioxidative enzymes reduced but amounts of TBARS, LDH, and NO increased. However, the results of treatment with CTB glycoprotein(10 and 20 mg/kg) revealed significantly increased activities of antioxidant enzymes(SOD, CAT, and GPx), as compared with $CCl_4$ alone. On the other hand, the result showed significant diminutions of the quantities of TBARS, LDH, and NO after treatment with CTB glycoprotein(10 and 20 mg/kg), as compared to $CCl_4$ alone. The activity of NF-${\kappa}B$ also declined after pretreatment with CTB glycoprotein, as compared with $CCl_4$ treatment alone. Thus, it is suggested that the CTB glycoprotein exerts a protective effect against $CCl_4$-induced liver injury in A/J mice.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.684-692
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the effect of chongkukjang intake on lipid metabolism and liver function in ethanol consumed rats. Twenty one Sprague-Dawley male rats aging 4 weeks old were used as experimental animals, which were divided into three dietary groups; casein diet(CA), soybean diet(SB) and chongkukjang diet(CJ). Alcohol was consumed with water as 25%(v/v) ethanol solution. After 4 weeks of experimental period, rats were sacrificed to get blood and liver samples for analysis of lipids, lipid peroxides, antioxidative enzymes and biochemical indices of liver function. The mean body weight, food intake and liver index were not significantly different among three groups. Serum level of total lipid, triglyceride and total cholesterol of chongkukjang diet group was the lowest among three groups although the difference was not significant. HDL-cholesterol level was significantly(p<0.05) higher in chongkukjang diet group than that of casein diet group. LDL-cholesterol level of chongkukjang and soybean diet group was significantly(p<0.05) lower than that of casein diet group respectively. Liver TBARS of chongkukjang and soybean diet group was significantly(p<0.05) lower than that of casein diet group respectively. The superoxide dismutase activity of chongkukjang diet group was significantly(p<0.05) higher than that of casein diet group. Catalase activity was not significantly different among three groups. As indices of liver function, glutamic oxaloacetic transminase(GOT), glutamic pyruvic transminase(GPT), $\gamma$-glutamyl transpeptidase($\gamma$-GTP) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) were not significantly different among three groups. Serum alcohol concentration and activities of alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase(ALDH) were not significantly different among three groups. The chongkukjang diet seems to give a beneficial effect for improving lipid metabolism by increasing HDL-cholesterol level and SOD activity while reducing liver TBARS level. However, effect on liver function has to be investigated further.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.141-146
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence rate, and related factors,of fatty liver in male industrial workers. Method: Fatty liver was diagnosed using ultrasonography. The data for abdominal ultrasonography, BMI, smoking, alcohol drinking, exercise, liver enzymes, and lipid profiles were collected in 4,604 male who were examined with a health screening program in 2005. Prevalence rate and associated factors of fatty liver were analyzed using SPSS v. 12.0. Results: Overall prevalence of fatty liver was 34.1% and higher in the 30-39 year male group. Age, body mass index(BMI), hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, HDL cholesterol, r-GTP level were independently associated factors with presence of fatty liver in logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: The prevalence of fatty liver and tendency of associated factors were similar to those in the western world. To prevent development of this hepatic disorder, which may result in end-stage liver disease, risk factors such as obesity and dyslipidemia must be monitored and controlled within normal levels. The results of this study suggested maintenance of a healthy lifestyle, including diet, exercise, and behavioral change, as fundamental rehabilitation nursing implications.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.361-370
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• 2006

To evaluate an effect of pathological liver damage on the conjugation of cyclohexane metabolites, rats were pretreated with 50% $CCl_4$ dissolved in olive oil (0.1 ml/100 g body weight) 10 or 17 times intraperitoneally at intervals of every other day. On the basis of liver function, the animals pretreated with $CCl_4$ 10 times were identified as acutely liver damaged ones and the animals pretreated with $CCl_4$ 17 times were identified as severly liver damaged ones. To these liver damaged animals, cyclohexane (a single dose of 1.56 g/kg body weight, i.p.) was administered at 48 hr after the last injection of $CCl_4$. The rats were sacrificed at 4 or 8 hr after injection of cyclohexane. The cyclohexane metabolites, cyclohexanol (CH-ol), cyclohexane-1,2-diol (CH-1,2-diol), cyclohexane-1,4-diol (CH-1,4-diol), and their glucuronyl conjugates and cyclohexanone were detected in the urine of cyclohexane treated rats. The urinary concentration of cyclohexane metabolites was generally more increased in liver damaged animals than normal ones, and the increasing rate was higher in $CCl_4$ 17 times injected rats than 10 times injected ones. And liver damaged.ats, especially $CCl_4$ 17 times treated ones, had an enhanced ability of glucuronyl conjugation to CH-ol analogues compared with normal group. Futhermore, CH-1,2 and 1,4-diol were all conjugated with glucuronic acid in $CCl_4$ 17 times injected animals. On the other hand, the increasing rate of activities of hepatic cytochrome P450 dependent aniline hydroxylase, alcohol dehydrogenase and urine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase was higher in 17 times $CCl_4$-treated rats compared with normal and $CCl_4$ 10 times injected animals. Taken all together, it is assumed that an increased urinary excretion amount of cyclohexane metabolites in liver damaged rats might be caused by an increase in the activities of cyclohexane metabolizing enzymes. And enhanced conjugating ability of CH-ol in liver damaged animals and novel finding of conjugating form of CH-1,2 and 1,4-diol might be caused by increase in the activity of hepatic diphosphouridine glucuronyltransferase.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 2011

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fi fth most common malignancy in the world and complicates liver cirrhosis related to hepatitis C virus (HCV) in many cases. We evaluated the therapeutic effect of Korean red ginseng extract (KGE) in patients with chronic liver diseases. Thirty male and female patients with HCC and another thirty with liver cirrhosis were included. Each category was divided into two groups; the first was used as control group, and received medical therapy only and the second group received the medical therapy supplemented with KGE capsules. The treated group with HCC received three KGE capsules/day (900 mg) while the treated group with HCV received two KGE capsules/day (600 mg) for 11 weeks along with their medical therapy. All patients were subjected to clinical examination and laboratory investigations, including liver function tests (at baseline, after 6 weeks of treatment and at the end of the study) and abdominal ultrasonography. Patients showing focal hepatic lesions were subjected to triphasic spiral abdominal computerized tomography and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). HCV RNA was determined quantitatively by Roche for patients in the HCV group. Results showed that the medical therapy alone failed to normalize the liver enzymes or decrease the virus concentration. KGE administration induced a significant improvement in liver function tests, decreased the tumor marker (AFP) levels, and decreased the viral titers in HCV patients. Thus, KGE demonstrated powerful therapeutic effects against HCV and liver cancer.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2001

Objectives : Cordyceps Sinensis (CS) was tested for the effects of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in the liver. Methods : We measured the changes in body weight, enzyme activity, lipid peroxide and the death rate in the hydrocortisone acetate-treated rats. Results : In vitro, CS didn't effect levels of lipid peroxide. the activities, and the ratio of type conversion of xanthine oxidase. In the hydrocortisone acetate-treated rats, lipid peroxide, the activities, the ratio of type conversion of xanthine oxidase, and the death rate all increased. But, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase decreased. In vitro, after CS was administered to hydrocortisone acetatetreated rats, the levels of lipid peroxide in the liver, and the death rate decreased. However, the activities, and the ratio of type conversion of xanthine oxidase decreased. The body weight, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase in+creased. The effects of Sinensis Cordyceps Broth did better than the effects of Sinensis Cordyceps Mycelia. Conclusions : These results suggest that CS decrease the activities of free radical generating enzymes which form lipid peroxide and increase the activities of oxygen free radical scavenging enzymes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.1033-1039
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• 2006

The metabolic response of Labeo rohita to thermal acclimation was assessed. Advanced fingerlings of L. rohita (average weight $31{\pm}1.4g$) were acclimated to 31, 33 and $36^{\circ}C$ compared with ambient temperatures ($26^{\circ}C$) for 30 days and different enzymes associated with stress response were estimated. Glycolytic enzyme-Lactate dehydrogenase, (LDH, E.C.1.1.1.27), TCA cycle enzyme-Malate dehydrogenase (MDH, E.C.1.1.1.37), Protein metabolizing enzymes-Aspartate amino transferase (AST, E.C.2.6.1.1) and Alanine amino transferase (ALT, E.C.2.6.1.2) of liver, gill and muscle, Gluconeogenic enzymes-Fructose 1,6 Bi phosphatase (FBPase, E.C. 3.1.3.11) and Glucose 6 phosphatase (G6Pase, E.C. 3.1.3.9) of liver and kidney were significantly (p<0.05) different with increasing acclimation temperatures. Heat Shock Protein-70 (HSP-70) was expressed in increasing intensity at 31, 33 and $36^{\circ}C$ but was not expressed at $26^{\circ}C$. Results suggest that higher acclimation temperatures enhance metabolism and L. rohita maintains homeostasis between $26-36^{\circ}C$ via an acclimation episode. Such adaptation appears to be facilitated by resorting to gluconeogenic and glycogenolytic pathways for energy mobilization and induction of HSPs.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.207-212
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• 2017

Objectives: Study of the mechanisms involved in cancer progression suggests that cyclooxygenase enzymes play an important role in the induction of inflammation, tumor formation, and metastasis of cancer cells. Thus, cyclooxygenase enzymes could be considered for cancer chemotherapy. Among these enzymes, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is associated with liver carcinogenesis. Various COX-2 inhibitors cause growth inhibition of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, but many of them act in the COX-2 independent mechanism. Thus, the introduction of selective COX-2 inhibitors is necessary to achieve a clear result. The present study was aimed to determine the growth-inhibitory effects of new analogues of chalcone epoxide as selective COX-2 inhibitors on the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line. Methods: Estimation of both cell growth and the amount of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production were used to study the effect of selective COX-2 inhibitors on the hepatocellular carcinoma cell. Cell growth determination has done by MTT assay in 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, and PGE2 production has estimated by using ELYSA kit in 48 h and 72 h. Results: The results showed growth inhibition of the HepG2 cell line in a concentration and time-dependent manner, as well as a reduction in the formation of PGE2 as a product of COX-2 activity. Among the compounds those analogues with methoxy and hydrogen group showed more inhibitory effect than others. Conclusion: The current in-vitro study indicates that the observed significant growth-inhibitory effect of chalcone-epoxide analogues on the HepG2 cell line may involve COX-dependent mechanisms and the PGE2 pathway parallel to the effect of celecoxib. It can be said that these analogues might be efficient compounds in chemotherapy of COX-2 dependent carcinoma specially preventing and treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 1998

In this study, rat hepatocytes known to have active glucose metabolism were obtained to investigate the hypoglycemic action of fat soluble fraction of red ginseng by using the liver perfusion technique and incubated in two different media-one containing insulin and glucagon (control group), and the other containing glucagon only The activities of main regulating enzymes, such as glucokinase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenate, and glucose 6-phosphatase, related to metabolic pathways of glucose in these two kinds of hepatocytes were compared between these two groups and the effects of addition of fat soluble fraction ($10^1$~$10^4$%) from red ginseng to these two groups on these enzymes were also detected. The results were as follows. The specific activity of enzymes such as glucokinase, flucorse 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase related to glucose-consuming pathways of insulin-deficient group was much less than control one. However, their decreased activity was recovered after the addition of fat-soluble fraction at all range of concentrations. The specific activity of these enzymes after the addition of ginseng components to the control group was also increased. On the other hand, the specific activity of glucose 6-phosphatase related to glucose-producing pathway of insulin-deficient group was much higher than control one, but their increased activity was decreased obviously after the addition of fat soluble fraction at all range of concentrations. The same results were observed after the addition of fat-soluble fraction to the control group. These results suggest that the red ginseng saponin components might be effective on diabetic hyperglycemia by regulating the activity of enzymes related to glucose metabolism directly and/or indirectly. The effects of fat-soluble fraction ($10^2$%) and ginsenosides (mixture, $Rb_1$ and $Rg_1$, $10^4$%) on hypoglycemic action were compared. As a result, they showed considerable effect on hyperglycemia, but the best eff ect on the activities of glucokinase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase was appeared by ginsenoside $Rb_1$ and that of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glucose 6-phosphatase was by ginsenoside mixture.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.174-179
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• 2020

We present an 8 years old girl who was diagnosed at 6 months of age of Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis type 2. Although liver transplantation (LT) was classically considered curative for these patients, cholestasis recurrence with normal gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), mediated by anti-bile salt export pump (BSEP) antibodies after LT (auto-antibody Induced BSEP Deficiency, AIBD) has been recently reported. Our patient underwent LT at 14 months. During her evolution, patient presented three episodes of acute rejection. Seven years after the LT, the patient presented pruritus with cholestasis and elevation of liver enzymes with persistent normal GGT. Liver biopsy showed intrahepatic cholestasis and giant-cell transformation with very low BSEP activity. Auto-antibodies against BSEP were detected therefore an AIBD was diagnosed. She was treated with Rituximab and immunoadsorption with resolution of the AIBD. As a complication of the treatment she developed a pneumocystis infection successfully treated with corticoids, cotrimoxazol and anidulafungin.