• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.563-573
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• 1996

Macroinvertebrate contribution to the leaf litter breakdown of Carpinus cordata was estimated at headwater streams at Mt. Jumbong (38°03'N, 128°25'E) during spring and winter spring by using two types of litter bag. Coarse-mesh bags with 10 g of leaf letter were placed in a 1st-order stream in April (the spring experiment) and December 1995 (the winter-spring experiment). Fine-mesh bags with 5 g of leaf letter were placed in a nearby 3ed-order steam. The breakdown of Carpinus in coarse-mesh bags was rapid, and, in terms of season, leaf litter processed rapidly during spring. daily mass loss rates of leaf litter (-k±1 SE) were highest for coarse-mesh bags in the spring experiment (-0.0429±0.0048), followed by coarse-mesh bags in the winter-spring (-0.0146±0.0014), fine-mesh bags in the spring (-0.0078±0.0004), fine-mesh bags in the winter-spring experiment (-0.0054±0.0005). Macroinvertebrate contribution to the litter breakdown was estimated by the difference of % leaf letter remaining between coarse -mesh bage and fine-mesh bags. Although shredders were more abundant during the winter-spring, their contribution was greater during the spring (50%) than the winter-spring (22∼33%). This result appeared to be due to the change in the chemical composition of leaf letter during processing, and to the seasonal growth patterns of major shredder taxa.

• 한국토양동물학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.83-91
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• 1997

One year study with litter bags(mesh size - 0.4mm, 0.8mm, 1.7mm and 5.0mm) was carried out to investigate the soil invertebrate community in the process of leaf decomposition in Namsan and Kwangreung deciduous forests, which were considered to be under different degrees of environmental selective pressure. Soil animals collected from litter bags were classified into the class of order or higher taxa. Acari and Collembola were major groups: Acari and Collembola were about 60% and 30% of total soil animals in their numbers, respectively. Among minor groups, Dipteria, Araneae, Diplopoda, Coleoptera and Chilopoda were comparatively dominant. In Namsan forest which was considered to be under higher environmental selective pressure than Kwangreung, the densities of Acari and Collembola were somewhat higher than in Kwangreung, although there was no statistically significant difference between two sites. The densities of Chilopoda, Enchytraeidae and Nematoda were much higher in Namsan than in Kwangreung but Diplopoda and Symphyla were much more in Kwangreung. It was expected that those groups could be used as bioindicators. The densities of Acari and Collembola were very low until March and then showed the peak in May. But they decreased slowly until November. There was no significant difference among the mesh sized of litter bags in the densities of Acari and Collembola but other groups of soil invertebrates seemed to be prevented from immigrating into the litter bag of mesh size 0.4mm. Decomposition rate of litter in the litter bag was low in early stage of decomposition. The % residual mass over initial mass at 8 months after litter bag introduction in the field was over 80%. Thereafter, % residual mass decreased more fast and was about 60% at 1 year after bag introduction. There was little evidence for the effects of soil invertebrates upon the litter decomposition in the period of this study. And there was no significant difference between Namsan and Kwangreung or among mesh sizes of litter bags in the decomposition rate.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2001

강원도 인제군에 있는 점봉산의 한 소하천에서 신갈나무 낙엽이 분쇄되는 양상을 까치 박달과 비교하여 보았다. 신갈나무 낙엽의 하루당 분쇄율(-k . day$^{-1}$)은 0.00503으로서 까치박달 낙엽의 약 113이었다. 낙엽주머니에서는 총 45 분류군에 속한 대형무척추동물이 출현하였는데 까치 박달에서 39 분류군이, 신갈나무 낙엽 주머니에서 38분류군이 채집되었다. 강도래목에 속하는 Nemoura tau는 두 낙엽주머니에서 가장 흔한 분류군이었고 비포식성 Chironomidae는 두 번째로 흔한 분 류군이었다. 현존량은 Gammarus가 가장 높았고 그 다음으로 하루살이에 속한 Cincticostella castanea가 높았다 곤충 분류군의 대부분에서 4~6월 사이에 현존량이 큰 폭으로 감소하였으나 이 시기에 비 곤충류의 현존량은 오히려 증가하였다. 낙엽을 뜯어먹는 무리 중 낙엽분쇄에 가장 중요한 분류군은 Gammarus로서 이들은 까치박달낙엽을 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. Nemoura tau 는 가장 흔한 분류군 이었으나 이들이 1차하천에서 일어나는 낙엽분쇄에 미치는 영향은 크지 않은 것으로 보였다. 뜯어먹는 무리에 속한 다른 분류군은 이 둘에 비하여 개체수와 현존량이 매우 낮으므로 1차하천의 낙엽분쇄는 Gammarus의 섭식생태에 의하여 크게 결정될 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국토양동물학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.75-80
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• 1999

남산과 광릉의 잣나무림에서 낙엽분해에 관련된 토양미소절지동물을 이목이상의 상위분류군으로 동정한 결과 개체수에 있어서 두 지역 모두 응애류가 61-68%, 톡토기류가 27-35%로 두 분류군이 절대다수를 점유하고 있었다. 응애류에서는 날개응애아목이 현저하게 많았으며, 중기문, 전기문아목은 소수군에 속하였다. 응애류의 총개체수가 광릉이 남산보다 약간 많은 것 이외에는 두 지역간의 토양절지동물 군집구조가 크게 다르지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 낙엽주머니의 mesh size에 따른 차이도 응애류, 거미류, 파리목의 개체수가 1.7 mm에서 0.4 mm보다 높은 것을 제외하면 양자간 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 분류군의 계절 변동에 있어서는 분류군에 따라 다른 밀도변동양상을 나타내었으나 전체적으로는 5월부터 9월까지의 밀도가 다른 시기의 밀도보다 높은 것으로 나타났고, 특히 낙엽분해 1년차에는 7월의 밀도가 뚜렷하게 높게 나타났다. 낙엽의 잔존율은 낙엽후 1년 동안은 지속적으로 떨어졌다. 낙엽분해 2년차에서는 잔존률의 하강속도가 둔화되는 경향을 보였으며, 최종조사 시점인 22개월 후의 낙엽잔존율은 약 40% 정도가 되었으며, 두 지역간, 낙엽주머니 mesh size간에 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과에서 낙엽분해 2년차까지는 남산과 광릉의 입지환경 차이가 두 지역 잣나무 낙엽분해과정에 관련된 토양절지동물군집과 낙엽분해율에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았던 것으로 판단된다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.313-319
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• 2003

Dry weight loss and nutrient release from leaf litter for six tree species were studied using litter bag methods. The litter bags were incubated for f6 months on the forest floor in temperate deciduous forest in Mt. Cheonma, located at the middle part of Korean Peninsula. The changes in nutrient content and the rate of dry weight loss in leaf litter varied with litter types. The litter of Pinus densiflora showed the lowest rate of mass loss (k=0.33), nitrogen concentration (0.89%) and ash concentration (2.50%), while showed the highest C/N ratio (63.40). On the other hand, the litter of Acer pseudo-sieboldianum showed the fastest rate of mass loss (k=0.82), the highest nitrogen concentration (1.11%), and the lowest C/N ratio (49.40). During the decomposition, nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium in the leaf litters showed relatively slow decreasing pattern compared to other elements (carbon, potassium, magnesium, manganese and sodium), but potassium and sodium decreased at early stage of the decomposition for all leaf litters. Differences in annual decomposition rates of litter among species were consistent with the particular chemical characteristics of their leaf litters. The initial concentration of nitrogen was positively correlated with litter decomposition rate for six species, while litter decomposition rate of six species was negatively correlated with C:N ratio of initial leaf litters.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2010

The present study was conducted to quantify wood and leaf litter decomposition and nutrient release of a dominant tree species, Tectona grandis Linn. F. in a tropical dry deciduous forest of Rajasthan, Western India. The mean relative decomposition rate was maximum in the wet summer and minimum during dry summer. Rainfall and its associated variables exhibited greater control over litter decomposition than temperature. The concentrations of N and P increased in decomposing litter with increasing retrieval days. Mass loss was negatively correlated with N and P concentrations. The monthly weight loss was significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with soil moisture and rainfall in both wood and leaf litter. Tectona grandis was found to be most suitable tree species for plantation programmes in dry tropical regions as it has high litter deposition and decomposition rates and thus it has advantages in degraded soil restoration and sustainable land management.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제80권3호
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• pp.303-310
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• 1991

해송엽(海松葉) litter의 분해(分解)와 그에 따른 양분방출(養分放出)의 동태(動態)를 일본지방(日本地方)의 해안(海岸) 해송림(海松林)에서 litterbag법(法)으로 조사(調査)하였다. litter의 분해(分解)에 따른 건물중(乾物重)의 소실(消失)은 초기(初期) 1년간(年間)에 빨랐고 그후는 보다 둔화(鈍化)하였으며, 분해(分解) 1년동안의 소실율(消失率)은 약(約) 40%였다. 분해계수(分解係數)는 0.5-6.0, 반감기(半減期)(년(年))는 l.1-l.4의 범위였다. 분해(分解)에 따른 잔존(殘存) litter내의 N과 P의 양분농도(養分濃度)는 경시적(經時的)으로 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)이었으나 K의 농도(濃度)는 감소(減少)하였다. K의 양분(養分)의 절대량(絶對量)은 분해(分解)가 진행(進行)하는 동안 현저히 감소하였으나 N의 절대량(絶對量)은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 분해(分解)에 따른 방출(放出)은 K>P>N의 순(順)이었다. 실험기간중 N의 무기화(無機化) 단계는 나타나지 않았다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.64-72
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• 2007

This study investigated the types, forms, and origination of litter found along one hiking course in Moaksan Provincial Park, 'Jungin-ri Course'(entrance-ridge-valley-peak). In addition, a survey was conducted to understand hikers' litter control awareness in order to determine possible backcountry litter control measures. The following are the results of this study: 1. For the litter Sequency investigation, 199 recyclable pieces of litter were found on the mid-slope(61.6%), 89 by the entrance(27.6%), 19 in the valley(5.9%) and 16 on the peak(4.9%). A total of 323 pieces of litter were found. Paper materials were the most common, followed by plastic containers such as PET bottles and yogurt containers. Of particular interest, 288 papers and cans were found on the mid-slope(46.9%). By the entrance, more plastics and bottles were found. 2. There were 614 pieces of flammable litter collected and only 19 pieces of non-flammable. Most of the flammable litter, including snack pacts, plastic bags, processed lumber, cigarette butts, tissues, cigarette boxes, and fabric was found on the mid-slope. 3. Very little food waste was found throughout the whole site proving that the policy prohibiting hikers from cooking and eating at the designated sites has been effective. However, food waste is difficult to find because it naturally decays with time. 4. $X^2$-test was used to find different types of litter and their verified origination frequency. It was found that recyclable litter, and food waste took about 1%. In addition, recyclable litter, especially bottles, was found relatively frequently by the entrance. Flammable litter was found most often at the peak. 5. The questionnaire results showed that 48.2% of the respondents "shorten their hiking journey and purchase food outside the entrance" and 29.6% said that they "bring a packed meal from home". Only 8.2% said that they "cook something when an appropriate location is found". At the Jungin-ri course, a few hikers brought their own food to eat or cook, but most hikers purchased something to eat onsite. 6. The results of the question about having experience littering while hiking showed that 19.3% litter and 79.2% do not. Those that responded "yes" gave various reasons for littering. 63.6% claimed, "there are no designated trash containers". 15.9% said they litter subconsciously. Finally, 3.2% insist that they litter "because food naturally decomposes". 7. As a result of the overall satisfaction according to the Likert scale and the analysis with an average of 14 variables, it was found that the average "toxic litter control convenience" was 2.41 with very low satisfaction. Thus, the results indicate the importance of providing appropriate back country litter control facilities.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.87-93
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• 2003

산림생태계에서 낙엽낙지의 유입과 유입된 낙엽낙지의 분해는 산림의 주요한 탄소 및 양분의 공급원이다. 본 연구는 온대중부지역에 속하는 경기도 광릉의 천연 활엽수림에 위치한 DK-site를 대상으로 2년 동안 연 낙엽낙지 유입량과 낙엽분해율을 측정하였다. 낙엽낙지량은 원형의 낙엽수집기(수집면적 0.25$m^2$)를 낙엽분해 율은 10${\times}$30 cm 크기의 낙엽분해주머니(메쉬 1.5 mm)를 이용하였다. 광릉 장기생태연구조사구의 연 낙엽낙지량은 5,627 kg/ha/yr로 이중 순수한 엽량은 총 낙엽낙지량의 61%를 차지하였다. 수종별 유입량은 본 조사구의 우점종인 졸참나무 잎이 가장 많은 양을 보였으며 서어나무, 까치박달 순이었다. 낙엽분해율은 서어나무, 까치박달 낙엽이 졸참나무 낙엽에 비해 분해속도가 빨라 2년의 조사기간 동안 까치박달 낙엽 84%, 서어나무 낙엽 77%, 졸참나무 낙엽 48%가 분해되었다. 졸참나무 낙엽의 분해가 느리게 진행된 것은 타수종의 낙엽에 비해 졸참나무 낙엽내 낮은 양분함량 같은 기질의 차가 원인인 것으로 나타났다. 칼륨을 제외한 양분(N, P, Mg)함량은 분해 초기함량에 비해 낙엽분해과정동안 증가하였다. 또한 낙엽분해과정동안 양분(N, P, K, Ca, Mg)의 방출량은 까치박달과 서어나무낙엽이 졸참나무낙엽에 비해 신속한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과에 따르면 광릉장기생태연구 조사구내 우점종의 낙엽분해와 양분의 동태는 동일한 입지에 있어서도 수종간에 상당한 차이를 나타내었다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제4권1_2호
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• pp.38-51
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• 1981

The present investigation was estimated the effect of temperature, precipitatiion, and time on the decomposition of litters with litter bags of Pinus densiffora and Quercus mongolica at Gure where elevation in 50m, and at Nogodan where elevation in 1300m on Mt. Jiri. As the above results, decomposition model was proposed to relation of the environmental conditions. And was investigated the production and decomposition of litters from the stands of various forest communities in Kwangneung, Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla. The results are as follows; The models for the decay of organic carbon (C) was as follows: $C=Coe^{-Kt}$ (limiting factor;time) $C=Coe^{-K'te}$ (limiting factor;tempedrature) $C=Coe^{-KnP}$ (limiting factor:precipitation) As observed in litter bag method, the decomposition rate of litter in Pinus densiflora was slower than that of Quercus mongolica. The higher elevation, the slower decomposition rate. The decomposition of litters at Gure where elevation in 50m was equally influenced by temperature and precipitation. But at Nogodan where elevation in 1300m was much inflenced by precipitation. The decay constant of litters was larger in hardwood forest than in coniferous forest. In the same species, the more elevatiion, the less decomposition constant. The time required for the decay of 50%, 95^, 99% of the accumulated litters in the forest floor were faster in hardwood forest than in coniferous forest. In the same species, the higher elevatiion, the longer time required.