• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 1980

1. Ginseng field and virgin soils, to which Yakto, washed Yakto, litters (deciduous and coniferous trees) and bone meal were applied, were incubated at 60% of field capacity of the soils to shed light on the production of $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ through mineralization of the organic materials being the nitrogen sources for Korean ginseng. 2. Total nitrogen content mineralized in the soils, to which the following organic materials were applied, was:bone meal>Yakto${\gg}$litter (deciduous trees)> washed Yakto, litter (coniferous trees). The content increased with incubation time in all the virgin and ginseng field soils excepting only the virgin soils applied with washed Yakto and litters of which the contents decreased. A large part of nitrogen mineralized in the virgin and ginseng field soils to which Yakto was applied was nitrate form, while a half ginseng field soils and a considerable part in the other virgin soils was ammonium form in the other treatments. 3. $NH_4-N$ content produced in the virgin and ginseng field soils applied with bone meal increased with the time, while it decreased in the other treatments. And the content in the soils applied with bone meal was very high. 4. $NO_3-N$ content showed a continuous increase during the incubation time in all treatments of ginseng field soils and only in the virgin soil to which Yakto was applied, wherease it showed almost no change in the other treatments of virgin soils. And the content in the soils applied with Yakto was very high. 5. Yakto was expected to supply nitrate enough to meet amounts of nitrogen required by ginseng with different ages and also expected to increase in soil fertility, while bone meal was expected only to supply much nitrogen of which a considerable part was ammonium form.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.234-241
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• 2007

Biological amendments consisting of suspensions of selected microorganisms are often used in conjunction with various organic materials for amending soils to improve soil quality and plant growth. The effects of the biological amendment on chemical and biological properties of soil were investigated for a biological amendmentalone and when combined with different organic materials includingmunicipal compost (MC), poultry litter (PL), and cover crops (red clover (RC) and spring oats). A liquid preparation of a biological amendment called Effective Microorganisms was sprayed on the tested plots three times over a two-year period. Effective Microorganisms alone did not influence pH, K, or organic matter content in soil. However, increases in P in PL-treated soils in fall of both years andCa in MC-treated soil in fall 2001, and decreases in Ca, Mg, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) in RC-planted soil were associated with EM. Increased dehydrogenase(DH) activitiesassociated with Effective Microorganismswere only detected in July (P=0.0222) and October (P=0.0834) for RC-planted soils in the first year. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysisappeared to be enhanced by Effective Microorganisms in soils untreated or treated with MC and oatsbut only sporadically during the sampling period. FDA hydrolysis in both PL- and RC-treated soils as well as DH activity in PL-treated soils decreased with Effective Microorganisms treatment. Effective Microorganisms did not influence substrate utilization patterns expressed by the BIOLOG assay. We conclude that Effective Microorganisms effects on soil chemical and biological properties varied depending on the added organic materials. Effective Microorganisms periodically increased soil DH activity and FDA hydrolysis with RC and with MC plus oats, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of packing materials of frozen boar semen to improve reproductive performance efficiency in pig. Boars were raised at Swine Artificial Insemination Center in National Livestock Research Institute, Sunghwan, Chungnam, Korea. We compared packing protocols for frozen boar semen among 5$m\ell$ maxi-straw, 5$m\ell$ cryogenic-vial, and aluminum-pack. Cryogenic-vial packing material showed similar sperm characteristics compared with maxi-straw packing material when the sperm was frozen above 15cm from liquid nitrogen and thawed at 52$^{\circ}C$ for 190 seconds. We investigated different thawing times to find out the optimal condition of freezing and thawing protocol with cryogenic-vial. Freezing above 15cm from liquid nitrogen and thawing at 52$^{\circ}C$ for 190 seconds were the optimal protocol compared with 120 and 150 seconds. However, normal acrosome rates did not show any differences among thawing times. Post-thawing results of maxi-straw in water at 52$^{\circ}C$ for 45 seconds had better total motility and curve linear velocity than those of cryogenic-vial in water 52$^{\circ}C$ for 190 seconds. However, there were no differences on straightness and normal apical ridge of sperm between maxi-straw and cryogenic vial. Non-return rate, farrowing rate and litter size of sows inseminated with frozen boar semen of commercial farms were higher in the maxi-straw than cryogenic-vial, but there were no significant differences between maxi-straw and cryogenic-vial. In conclusion, there were no significant differences between maxi-straw and cryogenic-vial and so, we may replace cryogenic-vial packing method instead of maxi-straw packing method by improvement of freezing and thawing rate.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.888-893
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• 2000

The present study was conducted to evaluate heterosis effects of body weight and jumping height for successive generations of rotational crossing using two subspecies of mice which are very different in body weight and in genetic relationship from each other. Domesticated laboratory mouse $CF_{{\sharp}1}$ (C) and Yonakuni wild mouse (Y) were used as materials. Two groups of rotational crossing was made according to the parent used at the beginning of crosses, C male$\times$Y female and Y male$\times$C female. These crosses were done to produce the first ($G_1$ and $G_1{^{\prime}}$), second ($G_2$ and $G_2{^{\prime}}$) and third generations ($G_3$ and $G_3{^{\prime}}$) with sire used was alternated. Individual body weights were weighed at 1 (wk1), 3 (wk3), 6 (wk6) and 10 weeks of age (wk10) and jumping heights were measured at six weeks of age (wk6). Only the first litter used. For body weight, results of this study showed that genetic group effects were significant (p<0.01) source of variation at all ages studied. Sex effects were significant (p<0.01) at wk3, wk6 and wk10, but not at wk1. Significant interaction effects (p<0.01) between genetic group and sex were found at wk6 and wk10. The C mice with large maternal effects produced heavier offspring body weight and crosses using sire of this subspecies maintained heavy weight compared to wild Y mouse sire that has small body size. Heterosis tended to exist at the rotational crossing started from Y male C female. For jumping height, effects of genetic group and sex were significant, sire and dam effects (heterosis) exhibited from the first to third generations, and no maternal effects were observed.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2016

In this study, a pyrosequencing was performed and analyzed to verify the phylogenetic diversity of actinomycetes in the bamboo (Sasa borealis) soil as a base study to obtain the genetic resources of actinomycetes. It was found that the rhizosphere soil had much various distribution in bacterial communities showing a diversity of 8.15 with 2,868 OTUs, while the litter layer showed a diversity of 7.55 with 2,588 OTUs. The bacterial community in the bamboo soil was composed of 35 phyla and the predominant phyla were Proteobacteria (51-60%), Bacteroidetes (16-20%), Acidobacteria (4-16%) and Actinobacteria (4-14%). In particular, Actinobacteria including Micromonosporaceae and Streptomycetaceae had a diverse distribution of actinomycetes within the six orders, 35 families and 121 genera, and it was characterized that about 83% of actinomycetes within Actinomycetales belonged to the 28 families. Among the dominant actinobacterial populations, Micromonosporaceae, Pseudonocardiaceae and Streptomycetaceae were representative family groups in the bamboo soils.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.204-210
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• 1982

Comparative study of the biomass productioin and the cyclings of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was carried out on the east and the northwest facing slope in the montane grassland of Mt. Soback. The maximum productin during the growing season in the east and the northwest slope were 1, 150g/m2.yr, and 755g/m2.yr. in the August, respectively. The positive correlation was appearent between biomass production and A-layer depth of the soil and the correlation coefficient (r=.964) was very significant at 1% level. In the above ground materials, the nutrients contents were high at the early of the growing season but decreased gradually. In roots, however, there are no significant trend throughout the growing season. Total amounts of minerals uptaken by plants during the growing season in the east and the northwest site were 18.20 and 10.66g/m2.yr for N, 0.06 and 0.03g/m2.yr for P, 0.23 and 0.11g/m2.yr for K, respectively. the minerals returned to the soil by litter decomposition and roots decay in the east and the northwest site were 16.19 and 9.62g/m2.yr for N, 0.046 and 0.021g/m2.yr for P, 0.211 and 0.099g/m2.yr for K, respectively. The turnover the rate (absorbed/returned) of the nutrients in the east and the northwest site were 1.13 and 1.14 for N, 1.30 and 1.43 for P, 1.09 and 1.11 for K, and the absorption rates of minerals were 0.39 and 0.29% for N, 3.16 and 1.88% for P, 0.91 and 0.57% for K, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.245-255
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• 2010

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of organic fertilizers and mulches on the growth and $CO_2$ assimilation in MM.106 apple trees. Growth and $CO_2$ assimilation of MM.106 apple trees grown in a greenhouse were affected by the nutrient concentrations and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) ratio in the raw materials of organic fertilizers and mulches. The optimum C:N ratios, which makes microorganism convert the organic N into the inorganic N, were obtained in the organic fertilizer, poultry litter, green compost, and grass clippings, resulting in increasing single shoot height, SPAD, and $CO_2$ assimilation. The SPAD and $CO_2$ assimilation were affected by the treatments 5 weeks after the treatments, and then the tree growth was affected by the treatments 6 weeks later. The most efficient tree growth and development were observed in the 10 to $15\;mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ of the inorganic N in a soil, and the N was strongly related to the tree growth and development.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.60-64
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• 2023

The manufacturing process of antibody drugs comprises two main stages: the upstream process for antibody cultivation and the downstream process for antibody extraction. The domestic bio industry has excellent technology for the upstream process. However, it relies on the technology of foreign countries to execute downstream process such as affinity chromatography. Furthermore, there are no domestic companies capable of producing the equipment for affinity chromatography. High gradient magnetic separation technology using a high temperature superconducting magnet as a novel antibody separation and purification technology is introduced to substitute for the traditional technology of affinity chromatography. A specially designed magnetic filter was equipped in the bore of the superconducting magnet enabling the continuous magnetic separation of nano-sized paramagnetic beads that can be used as affinity magnetic nano beads for antibodies. To optimize the magnetic filter that captures superparamagnetic nanoparticles effectively, various shapes and materials were examined for the magnetic filter. The result of magnetic separation experiments show that the maximum separation and recovery ratio of superparamagnetic nanoparticles are 99.2 %, and 99.07 %, respectively under magnetic field (3 T) and flow rate (600 litter/hr).

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.587-602
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• 2017

Correlations of soil and leaf nutrients and growth of young 'Enterprise' apple (Malus ${\times}$ domestica Borkh.) trees were analyzed with tree damage, such as Japanese beetle (JB; Popillia japonica Newman)-damaged leaves, vole damage to trunk, tree mortality, and weed density in a certified organic orchard in warm and humid environment of Southern USA. Interaction treatments of four mulch and three fertilizers were applied around trees as follows: mow-and-blow (MB), shredded paper (SP), wood chips (WC), and green compost (GC) as a mulch, with no fertilizer (NF), poultry litter (PL), and commercial organic fertilizer (CF) as a fertilizer applied in April. Vole damage to trunk and weed density were little correlated with mineral nutrients and tree growth. JB-damaged leaves were highly stimulated to 26.5% in GC-treated plots while tree mortality were increased by MB treatments. Biomass production per tree was approximately 3,700 g on the WC- and GC-treated plots, which was two times higher than those values observed on the other two mulch plots. JB-damaged leaves tended to get worse when nutrients in soil and leaf increased through the correlation analysis, with a strong positive relationship ($r^2=0.585$) observed between JB-damaged leaves and trunk cross sectional area, a vegetative indicator. Tree mortality was more negatively associated with nutrient contents and growth of trees than those of soil nutrients. Wood chips was considered for a local organic mulch materials to increase organic matter contents and to produce healthy young trees in Southern USA, with control insect, such as beetle, and vole density in an orchard habitat.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the fertilizer sources and ground cover mulches on nutrient release, growth, and photosynthesis in small one-year-old apple (Malus ${\times}$ domestica Borkh.) trees in controlled conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Treatments included no fertilizer (NF), commercial organic fertilizer (CF), and poultry litter (PL) for fertilizer treatments, and wood chips (WC), shredded paper (SP), green compost (GC), and grass clippings (GR) for cover mulch treatments. All treatments were applied proportionally based on the volume ratio equivalent to the soil. CF, PL, and GR treatments that had optimum carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) ratios (less than 30:1) for N mineralization through the microbes released the greatest $NH_4^+$ concentrations in the pot media at 90 days after the treatments, but GC mulch with the optimum C:N ratio did not. CF-, PL- and GR-treated plants had the largest leaf area, thickest stem diameter, longest shoot extension, and greater dry matter production. CONCLUSION(s): CF and PL showed an suitable organic nutrient source for improving plant growth in an orchard. Interestingly, GR also could be a nutrient source for tree growth, if vegetation competition is controlled by maintaining vegetation height and recycling enough grass clippings to the soil in an orchard.