• 폴리머
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.555-560
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• 2009

설폰화된 6FDA 계열의 폴리이미드의 설폰간기에 1가 이온($Li^+$, $Na^+$, $K^+$)과 2가 이온($Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Ba^{2+}$)이 치환되어졌으며, 이러한 금속이온의 치환효과가 $CO_2$, $O_2$ 및 $N_2$등의 기체 투과도와 선택도에 미치는 영향에 대하여 조사하였다. 설폰화된 폴리이미드의 열적 안정성이 금속이온을 치환함으로써 향상된 것을 열중량기 분석을 통하여 확인되었다. 1가 이온으로 치환된 막의 투과도는 이온반경 [$Li^+$(0.059 nm)>$Na^+$(0.102 nm)>$K^+$(0.138 nm)]의 순서로 감소하며, 2가 이온의 경우 이온반경과 고분자와 금속이온 간의 전기적 가교로 인하여 결정되어짐을 알 수 있었다. 반면에, 금속이온으로 치환된 설폰화된 폴리이미드 막의 선택도는 치환되지 않은 막에 비하여 향상된 것을 알 수 있었다. $K^+$이온으로 치환된 설폰화된 폴리이미드 막의 산소 투과도는 89.98 Barred[$1\times10^{-10}\;cm^3$(STP) $cm/cm^2{\cdot}s{\cdot}cmHg$]을 나타내어 원래의 폴리이미드 막의 산소 투과도인 126.5 Barrer 보다 현저히 줄었으며, $Li^+$으로 치환된 막의 $O_2/N_2$선택도는 12.9를 나타내어 원래의 4.2보다 크게 향상되어졌다.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.100-104
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• 2008

Titanium sheet metal substrates used in thin film batteries were wet etched and their surface area was increased in order to increase the discharge capacity and power density of the batteries. To obtain a homogeneous etching pattern, we used a conventional photolithographic process. Homogeneous hemisphere-shaped wells with a diameter of approximately $40\;{\mu}m$ were formed on the surface of the Ti substrate using a photo-etching process with a $20\;{\mu}m{\times}20\;{\mu}m$ square patterned photo mask. All-solid-state thin film cells composed of a Li/Lithium phosphorous oxynitride (Lipon)/$LiCoO_2$ system were fabricated onto the wet etched substrate using a physical vapor deposition method and their performances were compared with those of the cells on a bare substrate. It was found that the discharge capacity of the cells fabricated on wet etched Ti substrate increased by ca. 25% compared to that of the cell fabricated on bare one. High discharge rate was also able to be obtained through the reduction in the internal resistance. However, the cells fabricated on the wet etched substrate exhibited a higher degradation rate with charge-discharge cycling due to the nonuniform step coverage of the thin films, while the cells on the bare substrate demonstrated a good cycling performance.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.446-452
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• 2019

젖산을 이용하여 안전하게 양극활물질에 있는 Co, Mn, Ni을 침출할 수 있는 방법을 개발하였다. 양극활물질을 젖산으로 침출 시켰을 때, 젖산의 농도는 1N과 4 N 이상에서 보다는 2 N에서 가장 높은 효율을 보였다. 양극활물질을 단계적으로 젖산 용액에 첨가 하였을 때, 최대 용해도는 2 N의 젖산 용액에서 1 L 당 30 g이었다. 젖산 용액에 옥살산을 첨가하였고 희유금속들은 1 L 당 4 g에서 가장 경제적인 회수율을 보였다. 본 연구를 바탕으로 해서, 양극활물질로부터 희유금속들을 회수하기 위한 최적의 조건은 무게비로 옥살산과 양극활물질이 7 : 1이라는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 첨가하여, 옥살산에 의해서 생성된 침전물은 Co, Ni, Mn 3성분이 결합되어 있는 다핵 결정성 물질이었다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.463-472
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• 1996

Experiments were carried out to study the operation characteristics of a regenerator with a thermo-syphon pump and a surface-flame burner for a lithium bromide (LiBr)-water absorption heat pump. A cylindrical-shape metal-fiber burner and commercial grade propane were used. The emission of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide was measured by a combustion gas analyzer. Ther regeneration rate of water vapor as a refrigerant was measured. It could be as a reference value showing the performance of the regenerator. The circulation rate of the LiBr-water solution was also measured from both the tanks for the weak-and the strong-solution. Using a refractometer, the LiBr concetration in the solution was calculated from the measured refractory index of the solution. Temperature of the solution and the condensed water was recorded at several points in the experimental apparatus with thermocouples, using a personal computer. This data collecting system for measuring temperature was calibrated with a set of standard thermometers. The generating rate of water vapor as refrigerant increased linearly with heat supplied. It was about 4.0g/s with the heat supplied at a rate of 16,500kcal/h. The circulation rate of LiBr solution also increases with the heat supplied. The difference in LiBr concentrations between the weak and the strong solution was in the range of 1 to 5% when the concentration of the strong solution was about 60%. It was dependent upon both the heat supplied and the circulation rate of the solution. The initial concentration and the level of the LiBr solution in the regenerator were measured and recorded before experiments. The effect of them on the generating rate of water vapor and the circulation rate of the solution was also studied. The generating rate of water vapor was not strongly dependent upon both the level of the LiBr solution and the initial LiBr concentration. However, the concentration difference of the solution increases with the initial level of the LiBr solution.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.541-551
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• 1988

The purpose of this investigation was to prepare multicomponent monolithic Li-Al-Si gels of composition(mol%) 16.67 Li2O-16.67 Al2O3-66.67 SiO2 and to convert the gels to monolithic glass-ceramic at low temperature without melting. The hydrolysis, DTA, TGA, TMA, SEM, pore distribution, density and the activation energy for crystallization of the glass-ceramic formation with rawmaterials of which tetraethl orhosilicate of networkforming cation(Si) is partially hydrolyzed, aluminum isoproxide and lithium methoxide prepared by Li-metal react with methanol were studied. The results were as follows : 1) Monolithic gels which were added with additional water, resulting in a total water content 2.5 to 3.0 times the stoichiometric amount required to fully hydrolyze the alkoxides. 2) Specimens were dried to form crylinders 60mm in length and 40mm in diameter in about 800 hrs at 5$0^{\circ}C$. 3) $\beta$-eucryptite crystals and $\beta$-spodumene crystals were detected in samples heated above 75$0^{\circ}C$. 4) Within the temperature and range of 25-50$0^{\circ}C$ and 1,00$0^{\circ}C$ the thermal expansion coefficient for crystallized samples were shown as 2.6-5.7$\times$10-7/$^{\circ}C$ and 7.4-12.5$\times$10-7/$^{\circ}C$, respectively. 5) The activation energy for the crystal growth was 11.01kcal/mol at 794$^{\circ}C$ to 85$0^{\circ}C$.

• Carbon letters
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• 제26권
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• pp.18-24
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• 2018

Pollution of chloride ion-reinforced concrete can trigger active corrosion processes that reduce the useful life of structures. Multifunctional materials used as a counter-electrode by electrochemical techniques have been used to rehabilitate contaminated concrete. Cement-based pastes added to carbonaceous material, fibers or dust, have been used as an anode in the non-destructive Electrochemical Chloride Extraction (ECE) technique. We studied the performance of the addition of Carbon Fiber (CF) in a cement-graphite powder base paste used as an anode in ECE of concretes contaminated with chlorides from the preparation of the mixture. The experimental parameters were: 2.3% of free chlorides, 21 days of ECE application, a Carbon Fiber Volume Fraction (CFVF) of 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9%, a lithium borate alkaline electrolyte, a current density of $4.0A/m^2$ and a cement/graphite ratio of 1.0 for the paste. The efficiency of the ECE in the traditional technique using metal mesh as an anode was 77.6% and for CFVF of 0.9% it was 90.4%, with a tendency to increase to higher percentages of the CFVF in the conductive cement-graphite paste, keeping the pH stable and achieving a homogeneous ECE in the mass of the concrete contaminated with chlorides.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.507-515
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• 1995

The monolithic dry gels of the Li2O-Al2O3-TiO2-SiO2 system were prepared by the sol-gel technique using metal alkoxides as starting materials to obtain monolithic glass-ceramics at low temperature without melting. Activation energy for the crystal growth of the gel with 6.05% TiO2, nucleating ageng, for the preparation of Li2O-Al2O3-TiO2-SiO2 system glass-ceramic was 101.14kcal/mol. As a result of the analysis of DTA & XRD, it was confirmed that the crytallization of Li2O-Al2O3-TiO2-SiO2 system glass-ceramic was the most efficient when 6.05% TiO2, nucleating agent, was added. $\beta$-eucryptite solid solution crystals and $\beta$-spodumene solid solution crystals were detected in the sample heat treated above 85$0^{\circ}C$. The sintered gel heat treated at 85$0^{\circ}C$ had the specific surface area of 185$m^2$/g, the pore volume of 0.19cc/g and the average pore radius of 20.8$\AA$. This shows that the sintered gel is also comparatively porous material. In temperature range of 25~85$0^{\circ}C$ thermal expansion coefficient of the specimen which was crystallized for 10hrs at 85$0^{\circ}C$ was 6.7$\times$10-7/$^{\circ}C$, which indicated that the crystallized specimen was turned out to be the glass-ceramic with low thermal expansion.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2003년도 추계학술발표강연 및 논문개요집
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• pp.214-214
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• 2003

고체 고분자 전해질에 대한 연구는 1979년 wright와 Armand에 처음 시작된 이래로 지난 20여년간 연구가 계속적으로 지속되고 있다. 전지의 적용되기 위해 전해질이 갖추어야 할 조건중에 이온전도도가 상온에서 10-4 S/cm 이상의 전도도를 나타내야 하지만 지금까지 연구되고 있는 여러 고체 고분자 전해질은 이런 조건을 만족시키지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 이런 상온에서의 이온 전도성을 향상시키기 위해 여러 종류의 실리카와 세라믹 계열의 첨가제를 첨가하여 이온전도성의 향상을 꾀하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 고체 고분자 전해질의 host polymer로써 분자량 400,000 의 Polyethylene oxide를 사용하였으며 Lithuim salt로는 Lithium (bisperfluroethylsulfonyl)imide(3M)를 기본적으로 사용하였다. 여기에 가소제의 역활로써 (3-cyanopropyl)methylsiloxane cyclics를 첨가하였고 표면그룹이 CH3와 OH기로 이루어진 기능성 나노 실리카를(<11nm)이용하여 함량별 전기 화학적 특성 및 기본 물성을 측정하였다. 기본적으로 이 네 가지 물질을 유기용매 Acetonitril에 잘 용해하여 Solid Casting방법으로 80-100 마이크로의 복합고분자 전해질을 제조하였다. Homogeneous하고 uniform한 필름 제조하기 위해 9$0^{\circ}C$에서 열처리를 24h 동안 실시하였다. 제조되어진 복합고분자전해질은 XRD를 통하여 결정성을 조사하였고 DSC를 이용하여 유리 전이온도 및 결정화도를 조사하였다. 복합고체고분자의 전기화학적 성질을 평가하기 위해 blocking electrode를 제작하여 임피던스 스펙트로 스코피를 이용하여 이온전도성을 측정하였다. 또한 복합 고분자 전해질의 온도의존성에 대해서도 조사하였다. 또한 실제 전지의 작동구간에서의 전해질의 안정성을 확인하기 위해 LSV를 측정하였고. Li metal을 사용하여 non-blocking electrode를 제작하여 복합고분자 전해질과의 계면저항을 측정하였다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.641-658
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• 2001

All-ceramic restorations have become an attractive alternative to porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns. In-Ceram, and more recently IPS Empress 2 were introduced as a new all-ceramic system for single crowns and 3-unit fixed partial dentures. But their strength and marginal fit are still an important issue. This study evaluated the fracture resistance and marginal fit of three systems of 3 unit all-ceramic bridge fabricated on prepared maxillary anterior resin teeth in vitro. The 3 all-ceramic bridge systems were: (1) a glass-infiltrated, sintered alumina system (In-Ceram) fabricated conventionally, (2) the same system with copy-milled alumina cores (copy-milled In-Ceram), (3) a heat pressed, lithium disilicate reinforced glass-ceramic system (IPS Empress 2). Ten bridges of each system with standardized design of framework were fabricated. All specimens of each system were compressed at $55^{\circ}$ at the palatal surface of pontic until catastrophic fracture occurred. Another seven bridges of each system were fabricated with standard method. All of the bridge-die complexes were embedded in epoxy resin and sectioned buccolingually and mesiodistally. The absolute marginal discrepancy was measured with stereomicroscope at ${\times}50$ power. The following results were obtained: 1. There was no significant difference in the fracture strength among the 3 systems studied. 2. The Weibull modulus of copy-milled In-Ceram was higher than that of In-Ceram and IPS Empress 2 bridges. 3. Copy-milled In-Ceram($112{\mu}m$) exhibited significantly greater marginal discrepancy than In Ceram ($97{\mu}m$), and IPS Empress 2 ($94{\mu}m$) at P=0.05. 4. The lingual surfaces of the ceramic crowns showed smaller marginal discrepancies than mesial and distal points. There was no significant difference between teeth (incisor, canine) at P=0.05. 5. All-ceramic bridges of three systems appeared to exhibit sufficient initial strength and accept able marginal fit values to allow clinical application.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1996년도 하계학술대회 논문집 C
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• pp.1682-1684
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• 1996

Recently, because diffusion of cordless machine and smart card and so on, and concern of unpolluted materials, one are concerned with Li secondary batteries. Li secondary batteries have high voltage, high energy density and high power density, and heavy metal pollution problems are little. Mn is low price and is distributed much quantity. Therefore, we investigated $MnO_2$. In this study, we worked the electrochemical properties and charge/discharge characteristics of $MnO_2/Li$ cells. In results, the more heating temperature is high, the more ${\gamma}-phase$ varied ${\beta}-phase$, and when $MnO_2$ is heated at $320^{\circ}C$ and super-s-black 20wt% is mixed, characteristics are the best.