• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제57권1호
• /
• pp.15-22
• /
• 2024

This study assessed microbial contamination in seven fried fish pastes sold in Southeast Asian traditional markets during summer. It measured viable cell count, coliforms, Escherichia coli, fungi, and Staphylococcus spp. It also qualitatively analyzed Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella spp., Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Clostridium perfringens. The average viable cell count, coliforms and fungi were detected as 6.34 (3.84-8.13), 2.16 (1.00-3.55), and 3.92 (1.85-7.74) log₁₀ CFU/g, respectively. Staphylococcus spp. was detected at 4.59 (2.10-7.63) log₁₀ CFU/g. Some samples had high contamination levels: viable cell count (8.13 log₁₀ CFU/g), fungi (7.74 log₁₀ CFU/g) and S. aureus (7.63 log₁₀ CFU/g). However, E. coli was not detected in any samples (ND, <1 log₁₀ CFU/g). V. parahaemolyticus, Salmonella spp., B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, and Cl. perfringens were also not detected in the samples. The microbial contamination data provide insight into managing microbial contamination and ensuring the safety of fried fish pastes in traditional summer markets.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
• /
• 제27권4호
• /
• pp.356-365
• /
• 2012

본 연구는 농식품의 안전성 확보 및 식중독 사고 발생 예방을 위한 연구의 일환으로 수행되었으며, 국내외의 자료를 조사하여 11가지 미생물학적 위해요소에 대해 리스크 프로파일 목록을 작성하여 추후 데이터베이스로 활용 될 수 있도록 하였다. 또한 국제 식품안전 관련 기관인 CODEX와 WHO/FAO 및 미국 일본 유럽 호주 뉴질랜드의 리스크 프로파일 선정 기준을 조사하고 국내 가용한 자료를 고려하여 식중독 원인균을 중심으로 관리의 기본이 되는 질병의 빈도와 심각성, 식품 소비 빈도, 교차오염 가능성의 세 가지 기준을 중심으로 관련 자료를 분석하였으며, 국내에서는 조사되고 있지 않으나 선진국에서 관리되고 있는 위해요소 중 앞으로 관리가 필요할 것으로 판단되는 요소를 고려하여 설정하였다. 우선순위는 발생빈도 및 위해도에 따라 세 그룹으로 나누었으며, 가장 집중적인 관리가 필요한 것으로 분석된 그룹 I에는 Norovirus, E.coli, Salmonella, Clostridium botulinum, Listeria monocytogenes를 선정하였고, 그룹 II에는 Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter jejuni, Bacillus cereus를 지정하였으며, Clostridium perfringens, Yersinia enterocolitica, Shigella spp, Cronobacter sakazakii, Hepatitis A virus를 그룹 III에 선정하였다. 본 연구에서 고려한 교차오염의 가능성은 정량화 되지 않은 '가능성'만을 염두에 두고 작성되었으며, 앞으로 농장의 GAP, HACCP을 적용하여 농식품의 수확에서부터 제품 생산 전 단계에 걸쳐 안전성이 확보된 제품을 생산할 수 있는 체계를 갖추어야 할 것이라 제안한다. 본 연구결과는 농식품의 식중독 예방과 'farm to table' 전 과정의 체계적인 위생관리시스템 도입을 위한 기초자료로 활용 될 수 있을 것이라 판단된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.77-88
• /
• 2006

This study were conducted to investigate the microbial contamination level in 5 tomato farms in Western Gyeongnam. A total of 130 samples was examined for sanitary indicator bacteria, such as aerobic plate count (APC), coliforms, and Escherchia coli, and pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. APC and coliform count ranged $0\~6.62\;and\;0\~4.52 log_{10}\;CFU/(ml,\;g,\;100\;cm^2,\;hand)$, respectively, and $32.5\%$ were contaminated with E. coli. Especially, most of the samples from employees are high as above $4.0\;log_{10}\;CFU/(ml,\;g,\;100\;cm^2,\;hand)$ in APC. S. aureus, detected at $10.7\%$, was found in employees' hands, irrigation water, and hydroponic solution. whereas E. coli $O157:H7$, Salmonella spp, and L. monocytogenes were not detected. These results will provide fundamental microbiological information for introduction of good agricultural practice (GAP)system in tomato farms.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제27권4호
• /
• pp.55-65
• /
• 2011

This study was performed to analyze the microbiological hazards of ready-to eat sandwiches and to evaluate the effect of implementing a hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) for quality improvement of ready-to-eat sandwiches. In total, 174 samples were examined for the microbiological hazard analysis. About 37.4% of the samples had an aerobic plate count ${\geq}$6 log CFU/g, and the numbers of coliforms exceeded 3 log CFU/g in 82.2% of the samples. Additionally, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Salmonella spp. were detected in 10.3%, 4.6%, 1.1% of sandwiches, respectively. In contrast, E. coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected in any of the samples. The results of the microbiological verification after implementing a HACCP throughout the production process indicated that S. aureus, E. coli, Salmonella spp., E. coli O157:H7, and L. monocytogenes were not detected in any of the samples. Consequently, implementing a HACCP is effective for quality improvement of ready-to-eat sandwiches.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.615-620
• /
• 2007

Commercially packed kimchi products from 6 different manufacturers, which are exported overseas as well as sold domestically, were analyzed to determine their microorganism distributions and presence of pathogenic bacteria. All samples showed decreasing pH levels (from 5.7-6.2 to 3.9-4.3) and increasing titratable acidities (from 0.3-0.4 to 0.8-1.2%) during 15 days of storage at $4^{\circ}C$. Total bacterial counts ranged from $2.1{\times}10^5-1.9{\times}10^6\;CFU/mL$ in the initial kimchi samples, and then increased to $1.1{\times}10^8-1.8{\times}10^9\;CFU/mL$. The coliform numbers decreased from approximately $2.5{\times}10^2-1.7{\times}10^4\;CFU/mL$ to zero. Major foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Shigella spp. were not detected in any of the samples. However, 2 out of the 6 samples carried E. coli, emphasizing the need for improved hygiene practice. Interestingly, Hafnia alvei, belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, was isolated in all of the samples. Further study is needed on this newly reported bacterium in kimchi.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제52권2호
• /
• pp.180-184
• /
• 2019

Aerobic bacteria, coliforms, Escherichia coli, and pathogenic bacteria were investigated in laver Porphyra sp. samples from various regions of Korea. The mean bacterial counts were $6.9{\pm}0.87log\;CFU/g$ (range 4.0 to 7.7) log CFU/g in dried laver, $2.83{\pm}4.36log\;CFU/g$ in roasted laver, and $4.93{\pm}1.43log\;CFU/g$ in seasoned laver. Coliforms were most abundant (mean count: $2.1{\pm}1.01log\;CFU/g$) in dried laver. No pathogenic bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, or Listeria monocytogenes, were detected in any of the samples. Aerobic microorganisms were the most diverse microorganisms in dried laver. Staphylococcus spp. were predominant, but S. aureus was not detected. Standardization of laver production is necessary to ensure a hygienic product because laver products are often ingested without heating or cooking, and the production process is simple.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제46권6호
• /
• pp.615-622
• /
• 2013

배단계와 유통단계에서 멜론의 미생물 위해요소를 조사하기 위하여 전북 익산과 충남 논산에 위치한 멜론 재배지에서 토양과 관개수, 식물체를 채집하였다. 수원시에 위치한 대형마트, 농산물시장, 재래시장으로부터 유통되는 멜론과 시판종자를 채집하여 위생지표세균 3종 (총호기성균, Coliform, E. coli)과 병원성 미생물 4종 (B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., S. aureus)을 분석하였다. 멜론 재배과정 중 총호기성균과 대장균군은 각각 0.43~6.65, 0.67~2.91 log CFU $g^{-1}$ 수준으로 검출되었다. Bacillus cereus는 익산지역의 토양과 멜론 잎에서 각각 2.95, 0.73 log CFU $g^{-1}$으로 검출되었고, 논산지역의 토양에서 3.16 log CFU $g^{-1}$로 검출되었다. 농산물시장, 대형마트, 전통시장에서 멜론의 총호기성균은 각각 4.82, 3.94와 3.99 log CFU $g^{-1}$로 확인되었다. 유통중인 멜론에서 대장균군은 0.09~0.49 log CFU $g^{-1}$ 범위였으며, 판매장소에 따라 총호기성균과 대장균군 수준에 유의적인 차이가 나지 않았다. 모든 시료에서 Listeria monocytognes, Salmonells spp., Staphylococcus aureus는 검출되지 않았다. 멜론 종자의 총호기성균은 0.33~3.34 log CFU $g^{-1}$ 수준이었다. 관개수, 토양, 가축분뇨와 수확후 처리를 포함한 다양한 농업 활동이 미생물오염의 잠재적인 원인이기 때문에 토양, 물과 농자재에 대한 위생관리와 모니터링이 안전한 멜론 생산을 위하여 수행되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제44권2호
• /
• pp.217-224
• /
• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern of Listeria spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. A total of 17 (14.8%) L. monocytogenes, 13 (11.3%) L. innocua, 7 (7%) L. welshimeri, and 83 (72.2%) S. aureus were isolated from commercial poultry carcasses in Seoul and Kyonggi province during the period between 2001 and 2003. Antibiotic susceptibility test of all Listeria strains isolated was performed by the disk agar diffusion method. Antibiotics used in the study were as follows; Amikacin (An), Ampicillin (Am), Cephalothin (Cf), Chloramphenicol (C), Ciprofloxacin (Cip), Erythromycin (E), Gentamicin (Gm), Imipenem (Ipm), Kanamycin (K), Minocycline (Mi), Neomycin (N), Norfloxacin (Nor), Ofloxacin (Ofx), Penicillin (P), Streptomycin (S), Tetracycline (Te), Tobramycin (Nn), Trimethoprim (Tmp), Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazloe (Sxt), and Vancomycin (Va). The antibiotic resistance pattern of S. aureus isolates was performed by the disk agar diffusion method. For the latter program, antibiotics used to the study were as follows; Cf, C, Cip, Clindamycin (Cc), E, Gm, Ipm, Nafcillin (Nf), Oxacillin (Ox), P, Te, Sxt, and Va. Of the 17 L. monocytogenes isolates, 94.1% were resistant to Te, 88.2% to Mi, 11.8% to Nor, 11.8% to S, 5.9% to Cip, and 5.9% to C. Of 13 L. innocua, 53.8% were resistant to Te, 23.1% to Mi, 23.1% to S, 7.7% to Cip, and 7.7% to Nor. Of 7 L. welshimeri, 57.1% were resistant to Te, and 14.3% to Am. Of 83 S. aureus, 100% were resistant to Te, 86.7% to Gm, 34.9% to P, 15.7% to Cip, 12% to Cc, 9.6% to E. The multiple antibiotic resistance patterns of L. monocytogenes isolates were observed in Te Mi Cip (5.9%), Te Mi Nor (5.9%), Te Mi (76.5%), and Te Nor (5.9%). Multiple antibiotic resistance was also found in L. innocua isolates. Resistant to Te Mi S Cip Nor was 7.7%, Te Mi S (7.7%), Te Mi (7.7%), and was 7.7% to Te S. Antibiotic resistance patterns for S. aureus isolats were demonstrated to Te Gm P Cip Cc E (6.0%), Te Gm Cip Cc E (3.6%), Te Gm P Cc (1.2%), Te Gm P (15.6%), Te Gm Cip (2.4%), Te P Cip (2.4%), Te Gm Cc (1.2%), Te Gm (56.6%), Te P (9.6%), and to Te Cip (1.2%). The results of this study suggest a high incidence of Lsteria spp. and S. aureus on poultry carcasses. The contaminated poultry carcasses may be a potential vehicle for foodborne infections due to multiple antimicrobial resistant organisms.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제50권6호
• /
• pp.538-546
• /
• 2017

The occurrence of various pathogenic microorganisms on farms is a concern if they are able to contaminate fresh produce, which provides entry into the food supply. This study was undertaken to assess the microbiological quality and prevalence of pathogens in Chinese cabbage cultivated soil in Korea. A total of 57 Chinese cabbage cultivated soils were collected in 4 locations in Korea from February to August 2017. The soils were analyzed for the presence of total aerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli, coliforms, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. The total aerobic plate counts in soils were in the range of 5.7 to $8.7log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$. The coliforms and E. coli were detected in 39 and 8 out of 57 soil samples, respectively, in the range of 1.1 to $6.3log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$ and 0.7 to $4.0log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$. Salmonella spp., E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus were not detected from any samples. Results from these studies may help control the spread of bacterial species such as E. coli and Salmonella spp. through the farm environment.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제45권4호
• /
• pp.560-564
• /
• 2012

최근에 건강식품의 선호에 따라 신선 채소류 등의 소비가 증가하면서 농산물의 안전성에 대한 관심이 점점 증가하고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 국내 유통 중인 유기농 채소류를 구입하여 총균수, Salmonella spp., E. coli O157:H7, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, Y. enterocolitica 등의 병원성 미생물의 오염도를 분석하고 유기농산물의 식중독균에 대한 잠재적인 위험성을 평가하는 기초자료에 도움을 주고자 수행하였다. 유기농 채소류 4종의 일반 세균수 수준을 비교한 결과 오이의 일반 세균수 수준이 가장 높았고, 토마토의 일반 세균수는 가장 낮았다. 유기농 채소 중 깻잎의 일반 세균수는 $4.2{\sim}7.7log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$, 상추는 $5.0{\sim}8.0log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$, 토마토는 $4.0{\sim}7.5log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$, 오이는 $6.6{\sim}8.6log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$ 범위였다. 유기농 채소에서 Salmonella spp., E. coli O157:H7, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, Y. enterocolitica 등은 검출되지 않았다. 일반 세균수는 관행 농산물과 비슷한 수준을 보였으며 병원성 미생물은 전혀 검출되지 않았기 때문에 식중독균 오염수준은 극히 낮을 것이라고 생각한다. 그런데 오염될 수 있는 가능성이 있으므로 생산, 유통 단계에서 주의 깊은 관리가 필요하다고 판단된다.