• Title/Summary/Keyword: Liquid simulation

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LES Investigation on The Cryogenic Nitrogen Injection of Swirl Injector Under Supercritical Envionment (초임계 환경에서 와류형 분사기의 극저온 질소 분사 LES 연구)

  • Kang, JeongSeok;Heo, JunYoung;Sung, Hong-Gye;Yoon, YoungBin
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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    • v.44 no.4
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    • pp.343-351
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    • 2016
  • Cryogenic spray characteristics of a nitrogen swirl injector operating in supercritical environment have been numerically investigated. By comparing the equation of states(EOS) used for supercritical condition, SRK EOS was applied to predict the nitrogen thermodynamic property under supercritical environment. A Chung's method was implemented for the calculation of viscosity and conductivity and Takahashi's correlation based on Fuller's Theorem was implemented for the calculation of diffusion coefficient. By injecting the nitrogen with 5 bar differential pressure into 50 bar chamber filled with nitrogen, numerical simulation has been conducted. The dynamic Smagorinsky sub-grid scale (SGS) model has been compared with the algebraic Smagorinsky SGS model using FFT frequency analysis. The instability at the liquid film and gas core inside injector and the propagation of pressure oscillation into the injector has been investigated. The spreading angle of swirl injector obtained by numerical calculation has been validated with experimental result.

Numerical Simulation of Three Dimensional Fluid Flow Phenomena in Cylindrical Submerged Flat Membrane Bioreactor for Aeration Rate (원통 침지형 평막 생물반응기 내 산기량에 따른 3차원 유동현상에 관한 수치모사)

  • Kim, Dae Chun;Chung, Kun Yong
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.401-408
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    • 2014
  • In membrane bio-reactor (MBR), the aeration control is one of the important independent variables to decrease fouling and to save energy with shear stress change on the membrane surface. The paper was carried out for numerical simulation of 3-dimensional fluid flow phenomena of the cylindrical bioreactor with submerged flat membranes equipped in the center and supplied the air from the bottom by using the COMSOL program. The viscosity and temperature of solution were assumed to be constant, and the specific air demand based on permeate volume ($SAD_p$) defined as scouring air per permeate rates was used as a variable. The calculated CFD velocities were compared with those of the velocity meter measurement and video image analysis, respectively. The results were good agreement each other within 11% error. For fluid flow in the reactor the liquid velocity increased rapidly between the air diffuser and membrane module, but the velocity decreased during flowing of the membrane module. Also, the velocity increased as it was near from the reactor wall to the central axis. The calculated shear stress on the membrane surface showed the highest value at the center part of the module bottom side and increased as aeration rate increased. Especially, the wall shear stress increased dramatically as the aeration rate increased from 0.15 to 0.25 L/min.

Optimization of Optical Structure of Lightguide Panel for Uniformity Improvement of Edge-lit Backlight (엣지형 LED 백라이트의 균일도 향상을 위한 도광판의 광구조 최적화)

  • Lee, Jung-Ho;Nahm, Kie-Bong;Ko, Jae-Hyeon;Kim, Joong-Hyun
    • Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.61-68
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    • 2010
  • Optical simulation methods were applied to the edge-lit LED backlight for LCD TV applications in order to optimize the optical structure of the light guide plate(LGP), and thus to improve the uniformity properties by removing the bright spots caused by LED's. The edge-lit LED backlight consisted of three white LED's with a lamp cover, a light guide plate, and a reflection film. When there was no pattern on the entrance side surface of the LGP, the illuminance uniformity was sensitively dependent on the distance d between the LED and the entrance surface. The illuminance uniformity increased with d but its increasing rate slowed down when d was beyond ~ 1.5 mm. When micro-patterns such as a lenticular lens array (LLA) or a serration pattern were formed on the entrance surface, the illuminance uniformity was improved substantially even for the case of very small d. At the same simulation condition, the lightguide with serration pattern showed a better uniformity than that with LLA pattern. Additional improvement could be achieved by changing the refractive index of the micro-patterns. These results suggest that using micro-patterns is a very effective way to reduce the bright spots due to their refracting function for the concentrated incident rays onto the LGP.

Enhanced Transport and Risk of a Highly Nonpolar Pollutant in the Presence of LNAPL in Soil-groundwater System: In Case of p-xylene and benz[a]anthracene (LNAPL에 의한 소수성 유기오염물질의 지하환경 내 이동성 변화가 위해성 증가에 미치는 영향: p-xylene과 benz[a]anthracene의 경우)

  • Ryu, Hye-Rim;Han, Joon-Kyoung;Kim, Young-Jin;Nam, Kyoung-Phile
    • Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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    • v.12 no.4
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    • pp.25-31
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    • 2007
  • Characterizing the risk posed by a mixture of chemicals is a challenging task due to the chemical interactions of individual components that may affect their physical behavior and hence alter their exposure to receptors. In this study, cell tests that represent subsurface environment were carried out using benz[a]anthracene (BaA) and p-xylene focusing on phasetransforming interaction to verify increased mobility and risk of highly sorbed pollutants in the presence of less sorbed, mobile liquid pollutants. A transport model was also developed to interpret results and to simulate the same process on a field scale. The experimental results showed that BaA had far greater mobility in the presence of p-xylene than in the absence of that. The main transport mechanisms in the vadose zone were by dissolution to p-xylene or water. The transport model utilizing Defined Time Steps (DTS) was developed and tested with the experimental results. The predicted and observed values showed similar tendency, but the more work is needed in the future study for more precise modeling. The field-scale simulation results showed that transport of BaA to groundwater table was significantly faster in the presence of NAPL, and the oral carcinogenic risk of BaA calculated with the concentration in groundwater was 15${\sim}$87 times larger when mixed with NAPL than when solely contaminated. Since transport rate of PAHs is very slow in the subsurface without NAPL and no degradation of PAHs was considered in this simulation during the transport, the increase of risk in the presence of NAPL is expected to be greater for the actual contaminated site.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of Channel Geometric Effect for Fischer-Tropsch Microchannel Reactor (전산유체역학을 이용한 Fischer-Tropsch 마이크로채널 반응기의 채널 구조 영향 분석)

  • Na, Jonggeol;Jung, Ikhwan;Kshetrimayum, Krishnadash S.;Park, Seongho;Park, Chansaem;Han, Chonghun
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.52 no.6
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    • pp.826-833
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    • 2014
  • Driven by both environmental and economic reasons, the development of small to medium scale GTL(gas-to-liquid) process for offshore applications and for utilizing other stranded or associated gas has recently been studied increasingly. Microchannel GTL reactors have been prefrered over the conventional GTL reactors for such applications, due to its compactness, and additional advantages of small heat and mass transfer distance desired for high heat transfer performance and reactor conversion. In this work, multi-microchannel reactor was simulated by using commercial CFD code, ANSYS FLUENT, to study the geometric effect of the microchannels on the heat transfer phenomena. A heat generation curve was first calculated by modeling a Fischer-Tropsch reaction in a single-microchannel reactor model using Matlab-ASPEN integration platform. The calculated heat generation curve was implemented to the CFD model. Four design variables based on the microchannel geometry namely coolant channel width, coolant channel height, coolant channel to process channel distance, and coolant channel to coolant channel distance, were selected for calculating three dependent variables namely, heat flux, maximum temperature of coolant channel, and maximum temperature of process channel. The simulation results were visualized to understand the effects of the design variables on the dependent variables. Heat flux and maximum temperature of cooling channel and process channel were found to be increasing when coolant channel width and height were decreased. Coolant channel to process channel distance was found to have no effect on the heat transfer phenomena. Finally, total heat flux was found to be increasing and maximum coolant channel temperature to be decreasing when coolant channel to coolant channel distance was decreased. Using the qualitative trend revealed from the present study, an appropriate process channel and coolant channel geometry along with the distance between the adjacent channels can be recommended for a microchannel reactor that meet a desired reactor performance on heat transfer phenomena and hence reactor conversion of a Fischer-Tropsch microchannel reactor.

Research of Diffusion Bonding of Tungsten/Copper and Their Properties under High Heat Flux

  • Li, Jun;Yang, Jianfeng
    • Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.14-14
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    • 2011
  • W (tungsten)-alloys will be the most promising plasma facing armor materials in highly loaded plasma interactive components of the next step fusion reactors due to its high melting point, high sputtering resistance and low deuterium/tritium retention. The bonding technology of tungsten to Cu alloy was one of the key issues. In this paper, W/CuCrZr diffusion bonding has been performed successfully by inserting pure metal interlay. The joint microstructure, interfacial elements migration and phase composition were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD, and the joint shear strength and micro-hardness were investigated. The mock-ups were fabricated successfully with diffusion bonding and the cladding technology respectively, and the high heat flux test and thermal fatigue test were carried out under actively cooling condition. When Ni foil was used for the bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, two reaction layers, Ni4W and Ni(W) layer, appeared between the tungsten and Ni interlayer with the optimized condition. Even though Ni4W is hard and brittle, and the strength of the joint was oppositely increased (217 MPa) due primarily to extremely small thicknesses (2~3 ${\mu}m$). When Ti foil was selected as the interlayer, the Ti foil diffused quickly with Cu and was transformed into liquid phase at $1,000^{\circ}C$. Almost all of the liquid was extruded out of the interface zone under bonding pressure, and an extremely thin residual layer (1~2 ${\mu}m$) of the liquid phase was retained between the tungsten and CuCrZr, which shear strength exceeded 160 MPa. When Ni/Ti/Ni multiple interlayers were used for bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, a large number of intermetallic compound ($Ni_4W/NiTi_2/NiTi/Ni_3T$) were formed for the interdiffusion among W, Ni and Ti. Therefore, the shear strength of the joint was low and just about 85 MPa. The residual stresses in the clad samples with flat, arc, rectangle and trapezoid interface were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The simulation results show that the flat clad sample was subjected maximum residual stress at the edge of the interface, which could be cracked at the edge and propagated along the interface. As for the rectangle and trapezoid interface, the residual stresses of the interface were lower than that of the flat interface, and the interface of the arc clad sample have lowest residual stress and all of the residual stress with arc interface were divided into different grooved zones, so the probabilities of cracking and propagation were lower than other interfaces. The residual stresses of the mock-ups under high heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The tungsten of the flat interfaces was subjected to tensile stresses (positive $S_x$), and the CuCrZr was subjected to compressive stresses (negative $S_x$). If the interface have a little microcrack, the tungsten of joint was more liable to propagate than the CuCrZr due to the brittle of the tungsten. However, when the flat interface was substituted by arc interfaces, the periodical residual stresses in the joining region were either released or formed a stress field prohibiting the growth or nucleation of the interfacial cracks. Thermal fatigue tests were performed on the mock-ups of flat and arc interface under the heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ with the cooling water velocity of 10 m/s. After thermal cycle experiments, a large number of microcracks appeared at the tungsten substrate due to large radial tensile stress on the flat mock-up. The defects would largely affect the heat transfer capability and the structure reliability of the mock-up. As for the arc mock-up, even though some microcracks were found at the interface of the regions, all microcracks with arc interface were divided into different arc-grooved zones, so the propagation of microcracks is difficult.

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Assessment of Estimated Daily Intakes of Artificial Sweeteners from Non-alcoholic Beverages in Children and Adolescents (어린이와 청소년의 비알콜성음료 섭취에 따른 인공감미료 섭취량 평가)

  • Kim, Sung-Dan;Moon, Hyun-Kyung;Lee, Jib-Ho;Chang, Min-Su;Shin, Young;Jung, Sun-Ok;Yun, Eun-Sun;Jo, Han-Bin;Kim, Jung-Hun
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.43 no.8
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    • pp.1304-1316
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    • 2014
  • The aims of this study were to estimate daily intakes of artificial sweeteners from beverages and liquid teas as well as evaluate their potential health risks in Korean children and adolescents (1 to 19 years old). Dietary intake assessment was conducted using actual levels of aspartame, acesulfame-K, and sucralose in non-alcoholic beverages (651 beverages and 87 liquid teas), and food consumption amounts were drawn from "The Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007~2009)". To estimate dietary intake of non-alcoholic beverages, a total of 6,082 children and adolescents (Scenario I) were compared to 1,704 non-alcoholic beverage consumption subjects (Scenario II). The estimated daily intake of artificial sweeteners was calculated based on point estimates and probabilistic estimates. The values of probabilistic artificial sweeteners intakes were presented by a Monte Carlo approach considering probabilistic density functions of variables. The level of safety for artificial sweeteners was evaluated by comparisons with acceptable daily intakes (ADI) of aspartame (0~40 mg/kg bw/day), acesulfame-K (0~15 mg/kg bw/day), and sucralose (0~15 mg/kg bw/day) set by the World Health Organization. For total children and adolescents (Scenario I), mean daily intakes of aspartame, acesulfame-K, and sucralose estimated by probabilistic estimates using Monte Carlo simulation were 0.09, 0.01, and 0.04 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, and 95th percentile daily intakes were 0.30, 0.02, and 0.13 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. For consumers-only (Scenario II), mean daily intakes of aspartame, acesulfame-K, and sucralose estimated by probabilistic estimates using Monte Carlo simulation were 0.52, 0.03, and 0.22 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, and 95th percentile daily intakes were 1.80, 0.12, and 0.75 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. For scenarios I and II, neither aspartame, acesulfame-K, nor sucralose had a mean and 95th percentile intake that exceeded 5.06% of ADI.

Development of A Material Flow Model for Predicting Nano-TiO2 Particles Removal Efficiency in a WWTP (하수처리장 내 나노 TiO2 입자 제거효율 예측을 위한 물질흐름모델 개발)

  • Ban, Min Jeong;Lee, Dong Hoon;Shin, Sangwook;Lee, Byung-Tae;Hwang, Yu Sik;Kim, Keugtae;Kang, Joo-Hyon
    • Journal of Wetlands Research
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    • v.24 no.4
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    • pp.345-353
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    • 2022
  • A wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is a major gateway for the engineered nano-particles (ENPs) entering the water bodies. However existing studies have reported that many WWTPs exceed the No Observed Effective Concentration (NOEC) for ENPs in the effluent and thus they need to be designed or operated to more effectively control ENPs. Understanding and predicting ENPs behaviors in the unit and \the whole process of a WWTP should be the key first step to develop strategies for controlling ENPs using a WWTP. This study aims to provide a modeling tool for predicting behaviors and removal efficiencies of ENPs in a WWTP associated with process characteristics and major operating conditions. In the developed model, four unit processes for water treatment (primary clarifier, bioreactor, secondary clarifier, and tertiary treatment unit) were considered. Additionally the model simulates the sludge treatment system as a single process that integrates multiple unit processes including thickeners, digesters, and dewatering units. The simulated ENP was nano-sized TiO2, (nano-TiO2) assuming that its behavior in a WWTP is dominated by the attachment with suspendid solids (SS), while dissolution and transformation are insignificant. The attachment mechanism of nano-TiO2 to SS was incorporated into the model equations using the apparent solid-liquid partition coefficient (Kd) under the equilibrium assumption between solid and liquid phase, and a steady state condition of nano-TiO2 was assumed. Furthermore, an MS Excel-based user interface was developed to provide user-friendly environment for the nano-TiO2 removal efficiency calculations. Using the developed model, a preliminary simulation was conducted to examine how the solid retention time (SRT), a major operating variable affects the removal efficiency of nano-TiO2 particles in a WWTP.

Nonlinear Modeling and Application of PI Control on Pre-cooling Session of a Carbon Dioxide Storage Tank at Normal Temperature and Pressure (상온 상압의 이산화탄소 저장용 탱크를 위한 예냉과정의 비선형 모델링 및 비례-적분 제어 적용)

  • Lim, Yu Kyung;Lee, Seok Goo;Dan, Seungkyu;Ko, Min Su;Lee, Jong Min
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.52 no.5
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    • pp.574-580
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    • 2014
  • Storage tanks of Carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) carriers utilized for the purpose of carbon capture and storage (CCS) into subsea strata have to undergo a pre-cooling session before beginning to load cryogenic liquid cargos in order to prevent physical and thermal deterioration of tanks which may result from cryogenic $CO_2$ contacting tank walls directly. In this study we propose dynamic model to calculate the tank inflow of $CO_2$ gas injected for precooling process and its dynamic simulation results under proportional-integral control algorithm. We selected two cases in which each of them had one controlled variable (CV) as either the tank pressure or the tank temperature and discussed the results of that decision-making on the pre-cooling process. As a result we demonstrated that the controlling instability arising from nonlinearity and singularity of the mathematical model could be avoided by choosing tank pressure as CV instead of tank temperature.

Design and Evaluation of Small-scale Supercritical Carbon Dioxide System with Solar Heat Source (태양열 적용을 위한 소형 초임계 이산화탄소 실험설비 설계 및 평가)

  • Choi, Hundong;So, Wonho;Lee, Jeongmin;Cho, Kyungchan;Lee, Kwon-yeong
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.21 no.6
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    • pp.403-410
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    • 2020
  • This paper focuses on the design of a 12-kW small-scale supercritical CO2 test loop. A theoretical study, stabilization, and optimization of carbon dioxide were carried out with the application of a solar heat source based on solar thermal data in Pohang. The thermodynamic cycle of the test facility is a Rankine cycle (transcritical cycle), which contains liquid, gas, and supercritical CO2. The system is designed to achieve 6.98% efficiency at a maximum pressure of 12 MPa and a maximum temperature of 70℃. In addition, the optimum turbine inlet temperature and pressure were calculated to increase the cycle efficiency, and the application of an internal heat exchanger (IHX) was simulated. It was found that the maximum efficiency increases to 18.75%. The simulation confirmed that the efficiency of the cycle is 6.7% in May and 6.26% in June.