• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.166-176
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• 2022

Objective: Sperm is particularly susceptible to reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress. Glutathione (GSH) is an endogenous antioxidant that regulates sperm redox homeostasis. However, it is not clear whether boar sperm could utilize cysteine for synthesis GSH to protect sperm quality from ROS damage. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to elucidate the mechanism of how cysteine is involved in protecting boar sperm quality during liquid storage. Methods: Sperm motility, membrane integrity, lipid peroxidation, 4-hydroxyIlonenal (4-HNE) modifications, mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as the levels of ROS, GSH, and, ATP were evaluated. Moreover, the enzymes (GCLC: glutamate cysteine ligase; GSS: glutathione synthetase) that are involved in glutathione synthesis from cysteine precursor were detected by western blotting. Results: Compared to the control, addition of 1.25 mM cysteine to the liquid storage significantly increased boar sperm progressive motility, straight-line velocity, curvilinear velocity, beat-cross frequency, membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP level, acrosome integrity, activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, and GSH level, while reducing the ROS level, lipid peroxidation and 4-HNE modifications. It was also observed that the GCLC and GSS were expressed in boar sperm. Interestingly, when we used menadione to induce sperm with ROS stress, the menadione associated damages were observed to be reduced by the cysteine supplementation. Moreover, compared to the cysteine treatment, the γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) activity, GSH level, mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP level, membrane integrity and progressive motility in boar sperm were decreased by supplementing with an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, buthionine sulfoximine. Conclusion: These data suggest that boar sperm could biosynthesize the GSH from cysteine in vitro. Therefore, during storage, addition of cysteine improves boar sperm quality via enhancing the GSH synthesis to resist ROS stress.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.1728-1743
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• 2021

Three-dimensional (3D) video scenes are complex and difficult to control, especially when scene switching occurs. In this paper, we propose two algorithms based on an incremental proportional-integral-derivative (PID) algorithm and a similarity analysis between views to improve the method of bit allocation for multi-view high efficiency video coding (MV-HEVC). Firstly, an incremental PID algorithm is introduced to control the buffer "liquid level" to reduce the negative impact on the target bit allocation of the view layer and frame layer owing to the fluctuation of the buffer "liquid level". Then, using the image similarity between views is used to establish, a bit allocation calculation model for the multi-view video main viewpoint and non-main viewpoint is established. Then, a bit allocation calculation method based on hierarchical B frames is proposed. Experimental simulation results verify that the algorithm ensures a smooth transition of image quality while increasing the coding efficiency, and the PSNR increases by 0.03 to 0.82dB while not significantly increasing the calculation complexity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.507-513
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• 2020

Liquid filling machines are frequently used in packaging fields; however, there exists a problem in precisely measuring the quantity of the liquid. In the case where the liquid filling machine is not properly metered, there may be issues, such as the fluid exceeding the capacity or chemicals being exposed outside. In this paper, we propose a smart injection nozzle device that can solve the issues stated above. The proposed smart injection nozzle can raise the nozzle according to the water level to remove bubbles and inject the accurate amount of fluid. In addition, the efficiency of the logistics process is enhanced by the smart QR code. Through experiments using the developed smart injection nozzle device, we have noticed that the accuracy of injection capacity, nozzle position, reaction time and building data exceeded the target value. Therefore, it expected that this machine will give more production and save a lot of manpower for packaging industry.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2005

To determine the deleterious effects of chronic alcohol consumption on bone especially in adolescents or young adults, 8 week-old Sprague Dawley male rats were fed with Lieber-Decarli ethanol liquid diet, containing $36\%$ of energy as ethanol, ad libitum (ethanol group) or isocaloric normal liquid diet (control group) for 7 weeks. Body weight was significantly lower in ethanol group than that in control group after 1 week of feeding to the end. liver weight and the ratio of liver or kidney weight to body weight in ethanol group were significantly increased when compared to those in control group. Ethanol group showed significantly lower serum protein and albumin levels (p<0.05), higher total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels (p<0.05), and AST, ALT and BUN activities than control group, but serum triglyceride, Ca and phosphate levels were not different. Ethanol group had significantly lower tibial trabecular bone area and serum osteocalcin level than control group (p<0.05), but urinary Ca and NTx (cross-linked N-telopeptide of type I collagen) concentrations and serum testosterone and parathyroid hormone levels were not different. In conclusion, chronic alcohol consumption in growing young male rats may result in osteopenia through the reduction of bone formation as well as liver malfunction.

• 유체기계공업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.08a
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• pp.509-512
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• 2006

The propellant mixture ratio of gas generator changes when thrust control valve operate to change LRE thrust level. The mixture ratio change of gas generator result in gas temperature change and failure of turbine blade or deterioration of LRE specific impulse. The mixture ratio stabilizer has been developed to maintain propellant mixture ratio of gas generator. This article deals with design and static/dynamic characteristic of stabilizer. Also gas generator system simulation test has shown that the stabilizer can maintain propellant mixture ratio effectively within tolerable range.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 2007

The study was designed to observe antioxidant activities of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) by determining antioxidant enzyme protein levels [cytochrome P4502 El (CYP2E1), Copper, Zinc-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (CSH-Px), glutathione S-transferase (GST)] by Western blot analysis and the levels of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the liver of chronically ethanol-treated rats. Sixty Sprague Dawley male rats were divided into 3 groups (Control, EtOH, EtOH+CLA). All rats were fed Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet for 4 weeks by pair-feeding against the EtOH group. The liquid diet was supplemented with 1.77g CLA mixture per kg diet in the EtOH+CLA group. Isocaloric maltose dextrin was added in replace of 50g ethanol (36%kcal) for the Control group. Ethanol ingestion significantly increased the levels of CYP2E1 protein and TBARS, but significantly reduced CuZn-SOD protein level and increased GST protein level. There was no significant effect on the level of GSH-Px protein and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol in the liver by ethanol. CLA supplementation with ethanol significantly increased the levels of CuZn-SOD, GSH-Px and GST and also significantly attenuated TBARS level, whereas there was no significant effect on the levels of CYP2E1 protein and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol by CLA. Overall, the CLA supplemented to ethanol could significantly increase the levels of CuZn-SOD, GSH-Px and GST proteins and reduce the level of TBARS in the liver of chronically ethanol-treated rats.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• v.y2005m4
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• pp.147-150
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• 2005

Space launch vehicles mainly use the liquid-propellant propulsion system which has easy thrust control ability and high specific impulse for that the payload like satellite and spacecraft should be entered into exact orbit. However, the liquid-propellant propulsion system is very difficult to develop because it is more complicate than the solid rocket propulsion system and demands very high technology. In space launch vehicle developing procedure the system design level is very important thing to reduce cost, shorten schedule, and improve the performance. The system design process was introduced for selecting the best liquid-propellant propulsion system on this paper.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.31-38
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to assess nonpoint sources (NPS) pollution affected by liquid manure and regulating gate in a small agricultural watershed. The study area, which is a wide plain farmland, was operating by the Buyong regulating gate in order to maintain irrigation water level during irrigation period. Consequentially, runoff only occurs through the gate at each event in rainy season for avoiding farmland inundation. In addition, the usage ratio of liquid manure in the study area has been increased greatly since 2014. Discharge loads at the Hwaingsan bridge subwatershed were 1.2 times for T-N, 4-10 times for T-P, and 3-8 times for TOC compared with the Soyang watershed (control) during study period. The reason was that NPS pollutants from upper Gpeun and Sangri bridge subwatersheds, which are widely spraying with livestock liquid manure, were stack at this subwaterehd because of regulating gate in non-rainy seasons. A number of agricultural watersheds in Saemangeum watershed are affected by regulating gate and vigorous livestock activities so that substantial management schemes under controling regulating gate are needed for minimizing livestock related NPS.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1990.10b
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• pp.1184-1189
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• 1990

In order to investigate liquid fuel filming over the intake manifold wall, an electrode-type probe has been developed by lines of authors and this probe was employed in a single cylinder two and four-stroke cycle engine and in a four cylinder four-stroke engine operated by neat methanol fuel. The performance of the probe was dependent upon several parameters including the liquid fuel layer thickness, temperature, additive in the fuel, and electric power source (i.e., AC and voltage level) and was independent of other variables such as direction of liquid flow with respect to the probe arrangement. Several new findings from this study may be in order. The flow velocity of the fuel layer in the intake manifold of engine was about (if the air velocity in the steady state operation, the layer thickness of liquid fuel varied in both the circumferential and longitydinal directions. In the transient operation of the engine, the temporal variation of fuel thickness was determined, which clearly suggests that there was difference between fuel/air ratio in the intake manifold and that in the cylinder. The variation was greatly affected by the engine speed, fuel/air ratio and throttle opening. And the variation was also very significant from cylinder to cylinder and it was particularly strong different engine speeds and throttle opening.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.270-273
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• 2011

Water management is important in proton exchange membrane fuel cell because the water balance has a significant impact on the overall fuel cell system performance. In fuel cell vehicle, the vehicle's power demand is dynamic; therefore, the dynamic water management system is required. This present study proposes a method to control the humidity of the input air in cathode side of the fuel cell vehicle. The simulation using several driving cycles shows the proposed air humidification control obtains a relatively good result. The liquid saturation level is seen constant at the target level although still there are small deviations at driving cycles which having averagely high power demands.