• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.129-135
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• 2015

The aim of this study is to examine current status of swine AI and boar stud in South Korea using survey and data analysis. This survey included 48 boar studs registered as 'semen processing business'. The survey data were collected by direct visitation, FAX and/or telephone conversation for 7 months from June through December in 2013. 48 boar studs owned a total of 3,537 boars and the Duroc breed accounted for the highest rate (75.3%) of all boar breeds. In case of ownership, agricultural management corporations was the highest (50.0%) and followed by individual ownership (33.3%). Large-scale boar studs in terms of own over 151 boar were surveyed as 4.2% and most boar studs owned less than 100 boars (77.1%). The amount of liquid semen provided by 48 boar studs were 1,889,000 doses and each boar stud provided average of 39,000 does, which is represented for 90% consumption by sows in South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of packing materials of frozen boar semen to improve reproductive performance efficiency in pig. Boars were raised at Swine Artificial Insemination Center in National Livestock Research Institute, Sunghwan, Chungnam, Korea. We compared packing protocols for frozen boar semen among 5$m\ell$ maxi-straw, 5$m\ell$ cryogenic-vial, and aluminum-pack. Cryogenic-vial packing material showed similar sperm characteristics compared with maxi-straw packing material when the sperm was frozen above 15cm from liquid nitrogen and thawed at 52$^{\circ}C$ for 190 seconds. We investigated different thawing times to find out the optimal condition of freezing and thawing protocol with cryogenic-vial. Freezing above 15cm from liquid nitrogen and thawing at 52$^{\circ}C$ for 190 seconds were the optimal protocol compared with 120 and 150 seconds. However, normal acrosome rates did not show any differences among thawing times. Post-thawing results of maxi-straw in water at 52$^{\circ}C$ for 45 seconds had better total motility and curve linear velocity than those of cryogenic-vial in water 52$^{\circ}C$ for 190 seconds. However, there were no differences on straightness and normal apical ridge of sperm between maxi-straw and cryogenic vial. Non-return rate, farrowing rate and litter size of sows inseminated with frozen boar semen of commercial farms were higher in the maxi-straw than cryogenic-vial, but there were no significant differences between maxi-straw and cryogenic-vial. In conclusion, there were no significant differences between maxi-straw and cryogenic-vial and so, we may replace cryogenic-vial packing method instead of maxi-straw packing method by improvement of freezing and thawing rate.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.555-564
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• 2001

The optional ingredient jasoja(Perillae semen) was adopted to improve Dongchimi in qualify during fermentation The final weight percentage of jasoja in Dongchimi was adjusted to 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, or 1.0% Per radish. Physicochemical characteristics were determined during fermentation for 45 days at 10$^{\circ}C$. As the fermentation of Dongchimi proceeded, the pH decreased with the increase of total acidity; however, the decreasing rate was slowed down by increasing the level of jasoja. The delayed pH drop of Dongchimi was limited only for the initial period of fermentation and the ultimate pH became almost comparable even for the 1% treatment. The total vitamin C content increased initially to a certain level depending on the level of jasoja, and then decreased later. Dongchimi with 0.5% jasoja contained the highest level of total vitamin C and reducing sugars. In case of 1% treatment, the typical pattern of an initial high content followed by a gradual decrease in reducing sugar was destroyed by a rapid fermentation at the later stage. Turbidity level, along with total solid contents of the liquid part of Dongchimi increased in all treatments as the fermentation proceeded although the extent was rather suppressed by jasoja. As a result of fermentation, the colorimetric lightness values decreased, with the intial increase followed by the decrease at a certain point in redness and yellowness and the increase in color difference values (ΔE). Overall, fermentation with 0.5% jasoja for 11 to 30 days appeared to improve the quality of Dongchimi.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.389.2-389.2
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• 2002

Tonin(Persicae Semen)is the herb medicine that cntains amygdalin as a major ingredient. Amygdalin in water is decomposed into benzaldehyde. HCN. and glucoseby emulsin. a hydrolysis enzyme intonin. A useful and practical method for the optimum extraction condition of amygdalin without enzymatic hydrolysis is required. The extraction yield of amygdalin of natural formula tonin was 0.1 % from crude powers. 1.4% from small pieces. 3.5% from half pieces and 2.4% from whole pieces. (omitted)

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.223.1-223.1
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• 2003

D-Amygdalin and its conversion product, neoamygdalin, were clearly separated on reverse-phase column chromatography by an optimized eluent of 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 3.5) containing 8.5% acetonitrile. Linearity for analyzing D-amygdalin and neoamygdalin was observed in the range from 0.05 to 0.5 mM. The detection limits for D-amygdalin and neoamygdalin were ca. 5 uM per injected amount. When extracting amygdalin from a whole piece of Armeniacae Semen in the boiling aqueous solution, there was almost no influence of emulsin; it resulted in higher extraction yield. (omitted)

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.585-592
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• 2007

This research was carried out in order to establish the production technique for Poong-san dog’s frozen semen, by examining the semen characteristic and the volume of glycerol added to the dilution solution, thawing temperature and sperm motility and viability as well as the motility using CASA according to time variation. Average semen volume was 5.9ml, sperm concentration 116.3×106 sperm/ml, total sperm number 789.3×106 sperm, motility 88.7±1.7% and viability 87.6±7.8%. When it was cryopreservation and thawed at different glycerol concentrated extender, it showed 52.7% motility and 57.7±10.3% viability at 7% glycerol, compared to other treatments. For semen cryogeny, at conditions of 5, 7cm and a height of 10cm for pre-cryogeny and maintaining the semen at 7cm from the surface of liquid nitrogen resulted in profitable motility and viability.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.171-177
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• 2014

L-Carnitine is an antioxidant for the transport of fatty acids in mitochondria and breakdown of lipids for metabolic energy. Some studies have suggested that carnitine improves sperm motility in mammals. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of L-carnitine on the characteristics in fresh semen of miniature pigs. The collected fresh semen was stored in modena B medium with L-carnitine (0, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/ml) for 10 days at $18^{\circ}C$. The semen quality of viability, acrosome reaction and mitochondria integrity was analyzed on 0, 3, 7, and 10 day of semen storage. The percentages of live and dying sperm were not different among treatment groups with different concentrations of L-carnitine during the storage period. In acrosome reaction analysis, when the sperm stored for 7 day, the percentages of live sperm with acrosome reaction were significantly (p<0.05) lower in 1 ($9.0{\pm}0.9%$), 2 ($7.6{\pm}0.2%$) or 4 mg/ml ($7.9{\pm}0.8%$) L-carnitine-treated groups than the control group (0 mg/ml L-carnitine) ($11.12{\pm}0.2%$). However, there were no difference in percentages of live sperm with acrosome reaction for 3 and 10 days of storage with each concentrations of L-carnitine. When sperm was stored for 3 and 10 days, the percentages of live sperm with mitochondria integrity were significantly higher in 2 mg/ml of L-carnitine-treated group than control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, the L-carnitine has a positive effect on acrosome reaction and mitochondria integrity in liquid state of fresh semen in miniature pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.785-796
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• 2006

This study was designed to evaluate the changes in sperm motility, viability, HOST(hypo-osmotic swelling test), IVP(in vitro penetration), SCSA(sperm chromatin structure assay) during storage of liquid semen collected from boars with different farrowing rates using AI, and to find the relationship between boar fertility through AI and sperm diagnostic parameters during semen storage. The results of HOST were significantly decreased according to the increasing of in semen storage days and the results of IVP were significantly decreased at 3 days of semen storage (P<0.05). The %Red was significantly different among the >80%, 70󰠏80% and <70% farrowing rate group at semen storage day 6(P<0.05). The correlation coefficients between the %Red and farrowing rate were increased according to the semen storage. In conclusion, these results suggest that the sperm parameters evaluated in these studies may be useful indicators to predict the fertility of AI and evaluate the semen quality in boars.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.385-391
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• 2014

Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of nicotinic acid (NA) on the characteristics in fresh semen of miniature pig. We evaluated viability, acrosome reaction and mitochondrial integrity of sperm on 0, 3, 7 and 10 days during storage period with nicotinic acid. As results, the survival rate of sperm in 15 mM NA (day 3, $87.8{\pm}1.2%$; day 5, $84.0{\pm}2.7%$; day 7, $82.2{\pm}0.9%$) and 30 mM NA (day 3, $87.7{\pm}0.3%$; day 5, $84.4{\pm}2.5%$; day 7, $82.3{\pm}0.7%$) groups were higher than control and 5 mM NA groups in 3, 7 and 10 days of semen storage. The NA-treated sperm on 10 day was used day for observing acrosome integrity. The survival sperm with acrosome reaction was higher in 30 mM NA group (day 3, $2.7{\pm}0.2%$; day 5, $3.3{\pm}0.6%$; day 7, $11.4{\pm}0.3%$) than in the control, significantly (P<0.05). Moreover, the live sperm with mitochondrial integrity was higher in whole treatment groups of NA than control group, significantly (P<0.05). Specially, most mitochondrial integrity on 10 day of semen storage was significantly higher in 30 mM NA group ($90.2{\pm}1.6%$) than other treatment groups (control, $81.8{\pm}3.1%$; 5 mM NA, $83.4{\pm}3.0%$; 15 mM NA, $89.1{\pm}0.7%$, P<0.05). In conclusion, supplement of NA in liquid semen of miniature pig can improve and maintain semen quality, such as viability, acrosome reaction, and mitochondria integrity.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.111-116
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• 1994

The acute toxicity of orally administered Yan-Sheng health liquid (YSHL), water extracts from twelve Chinese drugs (Cervi Cornu, Lonicerae Flos, Foeniculi Fructus, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Liriopis Tuber, Raphani Semen, Bombyx, Ginseng Radix alba, Cinnamomi loureirii Cortex, Epimedii Herba, Zingiberis Rhizoma, Lycii Fructus) was evaluated in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats and ICR mice. Rats and mice aging 5 weeks were gavaged with 0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.4, 6.7, 10.0, 66.7, or 100.0 ml/kg of YSHL. No animal died by oral treatment and no toxic symptom was observed in the treated animals during 5 days. The body weight of the treated animals was not significantly different from the controls. The results of macroscopic examination on the organs of the treated animals revealed no abnormal findings. Therefore, it was concluded that YSHL was practically non-toxic when it was orally administered to rats and mice, and its LD50 was suspected to be greater than 100 ml/kg in rats and mice.