• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회논문집D
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• pp.201-207
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• 2001

We modeled the liquid film dryout(LFD) process for both tube and annulus which have uniformly heated vertical channels. We set phenomenological initial conditions in the model. The initial void fraction on the onset of the annular flow location is derived from the physical chum-to-annular flow criterion with the help of the drift-flux-model. The initial thermodynamic-equilibrium-quality is calculated by iteration with the flow quality to find the onset of the annular-flow location. Present model tends to predict very well at the lower exit quality but under-estimates at the higher exit quality. We found that the prediction error of the present model is gradually bigger as the inlet subcooling approaches near the saturation. We obtained excellent results for both tube and annulus channels as the mean of 0.97 and root-mean-square error of 11% for the number of 3883 experimental data on tubes, and of 0.96 and of 12% for 593 on annuli. The present model extended the applicable range to the relatively low exit quality region than previous LFD models.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제52권10호
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• pp.2196-2203
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• 2020

A dryout mechanism model for rectangular narrow channels at high pressure conditions is developed by assuming that the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability triggered the occurrence of dryout. This model combines the advantages of theoretical analysis and empirical correlation. The unknown coefficients in the theoretical derivation are supported by the experimental data. Meanwhile, the decisive restriction of the experimental conditions on the applicability of the empirical correlation is avoided. The expression of vapor phase velocity at the time of dryout is derived, and the empirical correlation of liquid film thickness is introduced. Since the CHF value obtained from the liquid film thickness should be the same as the value obtained from the Kelvin-Helmholtz critical stability under the same condition, the convergent CHF value is obtained by iteratively calculating. Comparing with the experimental data under the pressure of 6.89-13.79 MPa, the average error of the model is -15.4% with the 95% confidence interval [-20.5%, -10.4%]. And the pressure has a decisive influence on the prediction accuracy of this model. Compared with the existing dryout code, the calculation speed of this model is faster, and the calculation accuracy is improved. This model, with great portability, could be applied to different objects and working conditions by changing the expression of the vapor phase velocity when the dryout phenomenon is triggered and the calculation formula of the liquid film.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.918-931
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• 1995

임계열속을 예측하는 기존의 여러 방법중 임계열속 발생 역학구조에 근거한 이론적 접근 방법은 여러 유동형태(Flow pattern)별로 연구되고 있으며, 대표적으로 환상유동에서의 LFD(Liquid Film Dryout) 이론, 기포류에서의 BBLD(Bubble Boundary Layer Dryout) 흑은 LNID(Local Nucleation Initiated Dryout)이론 등이 제시되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 일반적으로 원자로 조건에 서 적용될 수 있는 LFD이론과 BBLD 이론에 대하여 대표적인 모델들을 소개하고 특성을 검토하였다. 특히 BBLD 이론중에서 기포군집 (Bubble coalescence) 모델과 층류막 드라이 아웃(Sublayer dryout) 모델에 대해서는 원형관에서의 임계열속 시험자료를 사용하여 각 모델의 예측 성능 및 특성을 평가하였다. 평가 결과, 기포군집 모형인 Weisman 모델의 예측성능이 가장 우수했으며 아울러 층류막 드라이아웃 모델인 Katto 모델과 Mudawwar 모델은 구성 인자중 기포군속도와 층류막 두께와의 관계가 보다 정확히 모형화되야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국원자력학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국원자력학회 1999년도 추계학술발표회요약집
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• pp.152.1-152
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• 1999

• 한국원자력학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국원자력학회 1999년도 춘계학술발표회요약집
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• pp.158-158
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• 1999

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.927-933
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• 2005

Boiling heat transfer characteristics of liquid nitrogen in a stainless steel plain tube and wire coil inserted tubes were investigated. The test tubes, which had an inner diameter of 10.6 m and a length of 1.65 m, were horizontally located. Five wire coils having different pitch and thickness were inserted into the plain tube. The pitches of the wire coils were 18.4, 27.6, and 36.8 m, and the thickness was 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mm respectively. Tests were conducted at a saturation temperature of $-191^{\circ}$, mass fluxes from 58 to 105 kg/$m^2s$, and heat fluxes from 22.5 to 32.7 kw/$m^2$. A direct heating method was used to apply heat to the test section. The boiling heat transfer coefficients of liquid nitrogen were represented as a function of vapor quality, which showed significant drop at the dryout vapor quality. The maximum heat transfer enhancement using the wire coil inserted tubes over the plain tube was $174\%$ for 'Wire 3' having a thickness of 2.5 mm and a pitch of 18.4 mm.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제39권12호
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• pp.953-963
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• 2015

산업적으로 얇은 사각유로에서의 임계열유속을 포함한 열수력 현상을 이해하고 이를 시스템 설계에 반영해야 될 필요성이 증대되고 있다. 포화비등조건에서 임계열유속이 발생하는 주요기구는 일반적으로 환상유동 영역에서 액막이 건조되는 것이다. 이러한 임계열유속을 예측하기 위하여 원형관에 대한 대표적인 액막건조모델을 고찰하고 환상유동 시작 경계조건을 상수로 가정하는 기존 모델의 한계를 살펴보았다. 균일한 열유속으로 가열되는 얇은 수직사각유로 상향유동에서의 임계열유속을 예측하기 위하여 환상유동을 단순 모델링하고, 새로운 액막건조모델을 적용하였다. 284 개 실험데이타에 대한 예측성능을 확인한 결과 MAE 18.1%, RMSE 22.9% 예측오차로 실험데이타를 잘 예측할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권7호
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• pp.2881-2892
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• 2024

Annular flow refers to a special type of two-phase flow pattern in which liquid flows as a thin film at the periphery of a pipe, tube, or conduit, and gas with relatively high velocity flows at the center of the flow section. This gas also includes dispersed liquid droplets. The liquid film flow rate continuously changes inside the tube due to two processes-entrainment and deposition. To determine the liquid holdup, pressure drop, the onset of dryout, and heat transfer characteristics in annular flow, it is important to have proper knowledge of flow characteristics. Especially a better understanding of entrainment fraction is important for the heat transfer and safe operation of two-phase flow systems operating in an annular two-phase flow regime. Therefore, the objective of this work is to develop a computational model for the simulation of the annular two-phase flow regime and assess the various existing models for the entrainment rate. In this work, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in ANSYS FLUENT has been applied to determine annular flow characteristics such as liquid film thickness, film velocity, entrainment rate, deposition rate, and entrainment fraction for various gas-liquid flow conditions in a vertical upward tube. The gas core with droplets was simulated using the Discrete Phase Model (DPM) which is based on the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach. The Eulerian Wall Film (EWF) model was utilized to simulate liquid film on the tube wall. Three different models of Entrainment rate were implemented and assessed through user-defined functions (UDF) in ANSYS. Finally, entrainment for fully developed flow was determined and compared with the experimental data available in the literature. From the simulations, it was obtained that the Bertodano correlation performed best in predicting entrainment fraction and the results were within the ±30 % limit when compared to experimental data.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.847-858
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• 2016

An overview is given on the work of the Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Systems at ETH, Zurich (ETHZ) and of the Laboratory of Thermal Hydraulics at Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Switzerland on tight-lattice bundles. Two-phase flow in subchannels of a tight triangular lattice was studied experimentally and by computational fluid dynamics simulations. Two adiabatic facilities were used: (1) a vertical channel modeling a pair of neighboring sub-channels; and (2) an arrangement of four subchannels with one subchannel in the center. The first geometry was equipped with two electrical film sensors placed on opposing rod surfaces forming the subchannel gap. They recorded 2D liquid film thickness distributions on a domain of $16{\times}64$ measuring points each, with a time resolution of 10 kHz. In the bubbly and slug flow regime, information on the bubble size, shape, and velocity and the residual liquid film thickness underneath the bubbles were obtained. The second channel was investigated using cold neutron tomography, which allowed the measurement of average liquid film profiles showing the effect of spacer grids with vanes. The results were reproduced by large eddy simulation + volume of fluid. In the outlook, a novel nonadiabatic subchannel experiment is introduced that can be driven to steady-state dryout. A refrigerant is heated by a heavy water circuit, which allows the application of cold neutron tomography.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.911-918
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• 2002

Evaporation heat transfer coefficients of carbon dioxide($CO_2$), R-22, and R-134a in a horizontal smooth tube were measured and analyzed as a function of heat flux, mass flux, and evaporating temperature. The experiments were carried out by varying heat flux from 10 to 20 $kW/m^2$, mass flux from 170 to 340 $kg/m^2s$, and saturation temperatures of 5 and $10^{\circ}C$. It was found that the heat transfer coefficient of $CO_2$ decreased with a rise of quality due to an earlier liquid-film dryout as compared to R-22 and R-134a. Averaged heat transfer coefficients of $CO_2$ were 22-63% higher than those of R-22 and R-134a at all test conditions. The effects of mass flux and heat flux on averaged heat transfer coefficients were much greater in $CO_2$ than in R-22 and R-134a. When comparing $CO_2$ test results with the correlations in the literature, the existing models yielded large deviations at medium and high qualities. Therefore, a generalized correlation for $CO_2$evaporation heat transfer needs to be developed by including the effects of dryout phenomenon.