• 대한본초학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2022

Objectives : Although the anti-obesity effect of Schizandrae Fructus water extract has been demonstrated, its underlying mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of Schizandrae Fructus water extract through the p-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), sirtuin1 (Sirt1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) signaling in 60% high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. Methods : Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups. The Normal group was fed a normal diet and the obese groups were fed 60% HFD. Except for the Control group, the GG group was supplemented with 0.5% Garcinia gummigutta and the SCW group was supplemented with 0.5% Schizandrae Fructus water extract. After 6 weeks, obesity-related biomarkers in serum were measured and the expressions of protein for lipid-related factors in liver tissue were analyzed by western blot. Results : Treatment with SCW significantly down-regulated body weight compared to the Control group. SCW down-regulated levels of triglyceride and total cholesterol in serum and significantly increased p-AMPK, Sirt1, and PGC-1α in liver tissue. In addition, the expressions of fatty acid oxidation-related proteins such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT-1A), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) were significantly up-regulated. However, fatty acid synthesis-related proteins including sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), phospho-Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (p-ACC), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were significantly down-regulated. Conclusions : Taken together, SCW treatment showed anti-obesity effect by regulating both fatty acid oxidation-related and fatty acid synthesis-related proteins through AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1α signaling in 60% HFD-induced obese mice.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.967-977
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• 2023

Rubus crataegifolius (RC)는 장미과에 속하는 전통적인 아시아 약용 식물이다. RC 열매는 항산화 작용을 통해 성인병을 예방하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 RC 열매 추출물(RCex)이 비만과 비알코올성 지방간 질환(NAFLD)에 미치는 영향을 동물 모델을 통해 평가하였다. 28마리의 수컷 C57BL/6J 마우스에 8주간 비만을 유도한 후, 추출물을 8주간 경구 투여하였다. 그룹 1은 일반 대조군으로 표준사료를 섭취하였다. 그룹 2는 HFD 대조군으로, 그룹 3에는 심바스타틴(6.5 mg/kg/일)을, 그룹 4에는 RCex (200 mg/kg)을 투여하였다. RCex투여는 실험 마우스의 체중, 지방 조직, 간 무게를 감소시켰으며, 또한 지질 대사(ALT, AST, TC, TG, LDL, HDL)를 포함한 생화학적 바이오마커를 개선하였다. AMPK의 활성화는 지방생성 유전자(LXR, SREBP-1c, FAS, ACC1)의 발현을 감소시켰으며, RCex에 의한 CPT 활성 증진 효과를 검증하였다. RCex는 또한 에너지 소비 및 신진대사와 관련된 호르몬(adiponectin 및 leptin)의 혈장 수준에도 영향을 미쳤다. 또한, RCex가 HFD로 유도된 비만 mice의 포도당 불내성을 개선했음을 확인 하였다. RCex는 AMPK의 인산화를 통해 지방산 산화 및 지방산 합성을 조절함으로써 항비만 및 항NAFLD 효과를 가짐을 처음으로 입증하였다. 이는 R. crataegifolius가 비만 및 관련 NAFLD 예방에 좋은 보충제가 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.1-11
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• 1997

Copper chloride 10 ppm, manganese chloride 100 ppm, nickel chloride 50 ppm을 각각 처리한 Bacillus subtilis를 배양하는 동안에 이들 세포에서 일어나는 인지질 생합성 및 지방산 조성의 변화를 대조구와 비교하여 분석하였다. 세포의 생장과 phosphatidylethanloamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, cardilolpin은 대조구에 비해 금속 화합물 처리구에서 저해되었는데 copper chloride가 가장 큰 억제 효과를 나타내었다. 그러나 phosphatidylinositol은 금속화합물의 영향을 받지 않았다. 인지질 생합성에 이용된 주요 지방산은 대조구에서는 palmitic acid(평균 19.00%)와 stearic acid(평균 9.58%)로 나타났다. 그러나 copper chloride 처리구는 palmitic acid(평균 17.38%)와 oleic acid(평균 15.99%)가 인지질 생합성에 이용된 주요 지방산이었고, manganese chloride 처리구는 palmitic acid(평균 15.00%)와 myristic acid(평균 14.24%), nickel chloride 처리구는 oleic acid(평균 17.87%)와 stearic acid(평균 13.78%)가 인지질 형성에 이용되었다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.92-96
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• 1997

Nowadays, ceramides have been found to be an important component in the outermost layer of the skin - the stratum corneum. It is undersrood that ceramides play an important role in structure and maintenance of the interellular lipid lamella structure in the SC layer. Thus, many efforts have been made by the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries to get human skin-identical ceramides or pseudoceramides which show similar performance with natural ceramides. The purpose of our study was to systhesize new pseudoceramides via an effective and economical systhetic pathway and to show their performance of skin restoratio. Four kinds of the new pseudoceramides were synthesized by the reaction of alcoholic amine and alkyl ketene dimer. First of all, PC-4 and PC-5 were synthesized by the reaction of 3-amino-1,2-propanidiol and serinol with alkyl ketene dimer respectively. After that, PC-4R and PC-5R were produced by changign kitone group at $\beta$-position to amide bond of above synthesized PC-4 and PC-5 into hydroxyl group using NaBH4 respectively. Their expected structures were conformed by the NMR, IR spectra, and elemental analysis. A study to show the restoration effectiveness was performed in which human skin was pretreated with high concentration of SDS surfactant solution. Using 0.5% solution of above synthesized pseudoceramides, there was the significantly faster restoration of the damaged than that of placebe itself treatment.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.139-145
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• 2016

Toxoplasmosis is a serious disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, one of the most widespread parasites in the world. Lipid metabolism is important in the intracellular stage of T. gondii. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), a key enzyme for the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acid is predicted to exist in T. gondii. Sterculic acid has been shown to specifically inhibit SCD activity. Here, we examined whether sterculic acid and its methyl ester analogues exhibit anti-T. gondii effects in vitro. T. gondii-infected Vero cells were disintegrated at 36 hr because of the propagation and egress of intracellular tachyzoites. All test compounds inhibited tachyzoite propagation and egress, reducing the number of ruptured Vero cells by the parasites. Sterculic acid and the methyl esters also inhibited replication of intracellular tachyzoites in HFF cells. Among the test compounds, sterculic acid showed the most potent activity against T. gondii, with an $EC_{50}$ value of $36.2{\mu}M$, compared with $EC_{50}$ values of $248-428{\mu}M$ for the methyl esters. Our study demonstrated that sterculic acid and its analogues are effective in inhibition of T. gondii growth in vitro, suggesting that these compounds or analogues targeting SCD could be effective agents for the treatment of toxoplasmosis.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.93-99
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• 2011

Amongst a number of potential nonviral vectors, cationic liposomes have been actively researched, with both gemini surfactants and bola amphiphiles reported as being in possession of good structures in terms of cell viability and in vitro transfection. In this study, a cholesterol-based diquaternary ammonium gemini surfactant (Chol-GS) was synthesized and assessed as a novel nonviral gene vector. Chol-GS was synthesized from cholesterol by way of four reaction steps. The optimal efficiency was found to be at a weight ratio of 1:4 of lipid:DOPE (1,2-dioleoyl-L-${\alpha}$- glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine), and at a ratio of between 10:1~15:1 of liposome:DNA. The transfection efficiency was compared with commercial liposomes and with Lipofectamine, 1,2-dimyristyloxypropyl-3-dimethylhydroxyethylammonium bromide (DMRIE-C), and N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTAP). The results indicate that the efficiency of Chol-GS is greater than that of all the tested commercial liposomes in COS7 and Huh7 cells, and higher than DOTAP and Lipofectamine in A549 cells. Confirmation of these findings was observed through the use of green fluorescent protein expression. Chol-GS exhibited a moderate level of cytotoxicity, at optimum concentrations for efficient transfection, indicating cell viability. Hence, the newly synthesized Chol-GS liposome has the potential of being an excellent nonviral vector for gene delivery.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.131-142
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• 2004

In recent years, adjuvants have received much attention because of the development of purified subunit and synthetic vaccines which are poor immunogens and require adjuvants to evoke the immune response. Therefore, immunologic adjuvants have been developed and testing for most of this century. During the last years much progress has been made on development, isolation and chemical synthesis of alternative adjuvants such as derivatives of muramyl dipeptide, monophosphoryl lipid A, liposomes, QS-21, MF-59 and immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMS). Biodegradable polymer microspheres are being evaluated for targeting antigens on mucosal surfaces and for controlled release of vaccines with an aim to reduce the number of doses required for primary immunization. The most common adjuvants for human use today are aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate. Calcium phosphate and oil emulsions have been also used in human vaccination. The biggest issue with the use of adjuvants for human vaccines is the toxicity and adverse side effects of most of the adjuvant formulations. Other problems with the development of adjuvants include restricted adjuvanticity of certain formulations to a few antigens, use of aluminum adjuvants as reference adjuvant preparations under suboptimal conditions, non-availability of reliable animal models, use of non-standard assays and biological differences between animal models and humans leading to the failure of promising formulations to show adjuvanticity in clinical trials. The availability of hundreds of different adjuvants has prompted a need for identifying rational standards for selection of adjuvant formulations based on safety and sound immunological principles for human vaccines. The aim of the present review is to put the recent findings into a broader perspective to facilitate the application of these adjuvants in general and experimental vaccinology.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.660-667
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• 2017

PineXol, extracted from Korean red pine bark, has beneficial effects, such as antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antilipogenic activities in vitro. We tested the hypothesis that PineXol supplementation could have anti-obesity effects on mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Four-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed normal chow (18% kcal from fat) or a HFD (60% kcal from fat). HFD-fed animals were also subjected to PineXol treatment at a dose of 10 or 50 mg/kg body weight (BW) (PX10 or PX50, respectively) body weight. The body weight and body fat mass in the PX50 group were statistically lower than those in the HFD group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). The concentration of hepatic triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were reduced in the PX50 group compared with the HFD group (p < 0.01). Acetyl CoA carboxylase (p < 0.01), elongase of very long chain fatty acids 6 (p < 0.01), stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 (p < 0.05), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (p < 0.01), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (p < 0.05) were significantly decreased in the PX50 group compared with that in the HFD group. In white adipose tissue, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein alpha (p < 0.05), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (p < 0.001), and perilipin (p < 0.01) were decreased in the PX50 group compared with those in the HFD group. Therefore, the current study implies the potential of PineXol for the prevention and/or amelioration of obesity, in part by inhibition of both hepatic lipid synthesis and adipogenesis in white adipose tissue.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 1996

Variation in triacylglycerols(TGs) and fatty acids in Fucus serratus was analyzed for a period of one year. TGs were more concentrated during the summer(2.8mg/g dw)and autumn(2.6mg/g dw) than during the spring (0,7mg/g dw)and winter (0.5mg/g dw). The dominant fatty acides in total liqid were palmitic acid ($C_{16:0}$, 24.1%), oleic acid (($C_{18:1}$, 22.4%) and arachidonic acid (($C_{20:4}$, 14.4%) but the dominant ones in TG were $C_{16:0}$(22.8%), $C_{18:1}$(36.4%) and $C_{18:2}$(linoleic acid, 16.4%). The levels of $C_16$ fatty acids were high in winter while $C_18$ in summer and autumn. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) were more abundant in the $C_20$ series, while the UFAs of the $C_16$ were low. Especially, the amount of arachidonic acid ($C_{20:4}$, 14.4% of total fatty acids (TFA) was more abundant than that of eicosapentaenoic acid ($C_{20:5}$, 10.4% of TFA). The amount of $C_{20:4}$ and $C_{20:5}$,in TG was 9.2% and 4.8%, respectively. These UFAs in total lipid were thus higher than TG. Therefore, the synthesis of TG and fatty acid was stimulated by the alternation of emersion and submersion of thalli from sea water and eco-physiological conditions during summer: high temperature and light, and low concentration of nitrogen.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 1984

카드뮴중독으로 혈소판응집이 항진되어 고혈압 또는 동맥경화증이 발생한다는 연구보고를 감안하여 가토와 흰쥐의 생체내 실험으로서 미세혈전의 형성, Malondialdehyde(MDA) 및 thromboxane $B_2(TXB_2)$치에 미치는 카드뮴의 효과를 검토하고, in vitro실험으로 카드뮴을 처치한 가토 대동맥절편이 혈소판응집에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였으며, prostacyclin의 합성능력을 측정하여 그 결과를 다음과 같이 요약하였다. 1)Cadmium chloride 2mg/kg을 매주 동물의 복강내에 주입하였을 때 미세혈전형성이 증가되었다. 2) 카드뮴 중독동물의 platelet-rich plasma (PRP)는 MDA와 $TXB_2$형성이 정상동물에서 보다 현저히 증가되었다. 3) 카드뮴을 중독시킨 가토의 platelet-poor plasma (PPP)에서의 lipid peroxide치는 대조군과 차이가 없었다. 4) In vitro 실험으로, 가토대동맥 절편에서의 6-keto-$PGF_{1{\alpha}}$의 생성은 카드뮴 농도에 비례하여 억제되었고 이때 혈소판 응집률의 증가와 평행하였다. 5) 이상의 결과로서 카드뮴은 동맥내피세포에서 prostacyclin 합성을 억제할 뿐만 아니라 혈소판에서 $TXA_2$합성을 촉진시켜 그 결과로 혈소판 응집률을 증가시켰음을 알 수 있었다.