• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.23-31
• /
• 2018

In this study, we examined how the upper and lower lips articulate to produce labial /p/. Using electromagnetic midsagittal articulography, we collected flesh-point tracking movement data from eight native speakers of Seoul Korean (five females and three males). Individual articulatory movements in /p/ were examined in terms of minimum vertical upper lip position, maximum vertical lower lip position, and corresponding vertical upper lip position aligned with maximum vertical lower lip position. Using linear mixed-effect models, we tested two factors (word boundary [across-word vs. within-word] and speech rate [comfortable vs. fast]) and their interaction, considering subjects as random effects. The results are summarized as follows. First, maximum lower lip position varied with different word boundaries and speech rates, but no interaction was detected. In particular, maximum lower lip position was lower (e.g., less constricted or more reduced) in fast rate condition and across-word boundary condition. Second, minimum lower lip position, as well as lower lip position, measured at the time of maximum lower lip position only varied with different word boundaries, showing that they were consistently lower in across-word condition. We provide further empirical evidence of lower lip movement sensitive to both different word boundaries (e.g., linguistic factor) and speech rates (e.g., paralinguistic factor); this supports the traditional idea that the lower lip is an actively moving articulator. The sensitivity of upper lip movement is also observed with different word boundaries; this counters the traditional idea that the upper lip is the target area, which presupposes immobility. Taken together, the lip aperture gesture is a good indicator that takes into account upper and lower lip vertical movements, compared to the traditional approach that distinguishes a movable articulator from target place. Respective of different speech rates, the results of the present study patterned with cross-linguistic lenition-related allophonic variation, which is known to be more sensitive to fast rate.

• Journal of Fashion Business
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.29-44
• /
• 2014

As there is a growing interest in natural ingredients, they are actively being studied to improve damaged skin However, the lip cosmetics are still being inadequately studied on the exposure of lips to several stimuli and easy flow of chemical on the lips into the body. This study was conducted to make a clinical evaluation on the real effect of lip balm on lips, by extracting oil from Chamaecyparis obtusa and Lithospermum erythrorhizon that are known to play a positive role on skin. The following three natural lip balms were produced: lip balm made with Chamaecyparis obtusa(LBWCO), lip balm made with both Chamaecyparis obtusa and Lithospermum erythrorhizon(LBWCOLE), lip balm made without Chamaecyparis obtusa or Lithospermum erythrorhizon(LBWICOLE). The quality of LBWCO or LBWCOLE was evaluated to be higher than that of LBWICOLE. LBWCO and LBWCOLE had the highest satisfaction and purchase intention, respectively. As stated above, Chamaecyparis obtusa and Lithospermum erythrorhizon could be the ingredients of lip balm, and they were effective in improving damaged lips. Consequently, this study will provide opportunities to explore excellent ingredients to be used in natural lip balm. Also, studying lip cosmetics using only the natural ingredients will provide opportunities to expand positive images of ingredients for producing lip cosmetics.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.174-182
• /
• 2009

Purpose: The Mulliken's method is a one of the very excellent technique to correction of the unilateral cleft lip. It could decrease the need of additional operation and second operation by the early simultaneous correction of unilateral cleft lip and nasal deformity, at a time. Numerous procedures were advocated for the correction of nasal deformity, but with general dissatisfaction of the results, it became obvious that no one procedure is the ideal one. The authors have been operating on unilateral cleft lip by Mulliken's method and long term follow - up of postoperative result was evaluated. Methods: The authors have done long term follow - up of result in the 75 cases unilateral cleft lip patient, during 1 ~ 7 years. That was repaired by simultaneous correction of cleft lip and nasal deformity by Mulliken's method at the period from June, 1997 to December, 2007. The patients were unilateral complete cleft lip 39 cases, unilateral incomplete cleft lip 36 cases. In the severe complete cleft lip cases, lip adhesion operation was done before definite operation. The mean age of unilateral cleft lip operation was 3.2 months. Five anthropometric parameters, which were upper lip, cutaneous lip and vermilion mucosa height, nasal tip protrusion, columella length were measured by Sliding Vernier Caliper. The anthropometric analysis was performed preoperative and postoperative at 6 months, 3, 5 and 7 years and the results were com pared with those of age - matched, normal children. T - tests were used to analyze the differences between the measurements. Results: Long - term postoperative results were evaluated by anthropometrically. Most patients showed adequate growth of upper lip height, vermilion mucosa height and columella length. But nasal tip protrusion was relatively short compare with normal value. Incomplete cleft lip group was nearly normal growth results than complete cleft lip group. Conclusion: In conclusion, we could make harmonious Cupid's bow, natural philtrum and lip, appropriate nasal shape by Mulliken's method. But nasal tip protrusion was under the normal values on complete and incomplete group. And incomplete group was more good results than complete group. We have experienced repair of cleft lip by Mulliken's method with 75 cases of unilateral cleft lip patients and conclude that it was very useful and good method.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.619-628
• /
• 2014

To identify lipase LipA (PFL_0617) from Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5, a lipA deletion mutant (Pf0617) and a complementary strain (Pf0617lipA) were constructed, and their effects on the lipase production were examined. Pf0617 remarkably decreased its whole-cell lipase activity, whereas Pf0617lipA made its whole-cell lipase activity not only restore to wild-type level but also get a further increment. However, the deletion and overexpression of lipA did not affect the extracellular lipase activity. In addition, the unbroken whole cells of these strains were able to catalyze the hydrolysis of membrane-permeable p-nitrophenyl esters, but could not hydrolyze the membrane-impermeable olive oil. These results confirmed that LipA was an intracellular lipase and Pf-5 could also be used as a natural whole-cell biocatalyst. To evaluate the potential of Pf-5 as a whole-cell biocatalyst and separately characterize the whole-cell LipA, the properties of the whole-cell lipases from Pf-5 and Top10lipA were characterized. The results demonstrated that both Pf-5 and Top10lipA exhibited high tolerance to alkaline condition, high temperature, heavy metal ions, surfactants, and organic solvents. Taken together, lipA can realize functional expression in E. coli Top10, and Pf-5 and Top10lipA as whole-cell biocatalysts may have enormous potential in applications.

• Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.95-101
• /
• 2003

The lipase gene (lipA) and its activator gene (lipB) of Pseudomonas sp. SW-3 were cloned and sequenced. The lipB was found to be present immediately downstream of lipA. The deduced amino acid sequences of lipA and lipB showed a high level of homology to those of other lipases belonging to the family I.1 of bacterial lipases. When lipA was expressed in Escherichia coli using T7 promoter, an active lipase was produced in cells carrying both lipA and lipB, but not in cells harboring only lipA. Recombinant lipase (rPSL) overproduced in an insoluble form was solubilized in the presence of 8 M urea, purified in a urea-denatured form and refolded by removing urea in the presence of the Ca$\^$2+/ ion. rPLS had maximum activity at pH 8.0 and 50$^{\circ}C$, was stable at pHs from 7.0 to 9.0 and below 50$^{\circ}C$, and showed the highest activity toward the p-nitrophenyl ester of palmitate (Cl6).

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
• /
• 2003.09a
• /
• pp.98-141
• /
• 2003

Lip chapping is a serious cosmetics problem, though remedies other than moisturizing have not been proposed. We investigated changes in the surface configurations of lip corneocytes and increased CD activity and improved chapping severity. Our results suggest that lip chapping can be activities of desquamation-regulating proteinases associated with lip chapping. Using scanning electron microscopy, villus-like projections were observed on the inner surfaces of most corneocytes from normal lips, whereas those with flatter surface were predominant in chapped lips. Further, cell surface area increased with the severity of lip chapping. Cathepsin D (CD)-like and chymotrypsin-like proteinase, which are also present in skin as desquamation-regulating proteinases, were detected in lip corneocytes, though only CD activity was found to decrease in severely chapped lips. Hydration was also lower in areas of lip chapping. Sequential topical application of apricot extract essence characterized as similar to senile xerosis rather than dry skin such as winter xerosis, as it shows a delayed transition of corneocytes through the stratum corneum, and the reduced CD activity may be one of the mechanisms that is further decreased by low hydration. We propose that an enhancement of both CD activity and lip moisture may be effective to improve lip chapping.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
• /
• v.17 no.7
• /
• pp.806-817
• /
• 2014

The extraction of lip region is essential to Lip Reading, which is a field of image processing to get some meaningful information by the analysis of lip movement from human face image. Many conventional methods to extract lip region are proposed. One is getting the position of lip by using geometric face structure. The other discriminates lip and skin regions by using color information only. The former is more complex than the latter, however it can analyze black and white image also. The latter is very simple compared to the former, however it is very difficult to discriminate lip and skin regions because of close similarity between these two regions. And also, the accuracy is relatively low compared to the former. Conventional analysis of color coordinate systems are mostly based on specific extraction scheme for lip regions rather than coordinate system itself. In this paper, the method for selection of effective color coordinate system and chromaticity transformation to discriminate these two lip and skin region are proposed.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.510-516
• /
• 2022

Background Surgical correction of bilateral cleft lip deformities remains one of the most challenging areas in facial plastic surgery. Many surgical techniques and conservative devices have been offered for the early management of bilateral cleft lip in infants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of lip adhesion on the lip and nose of patients with bilateral cleft lip. Methods A retrospective review of 13 patients with bilateral cleft lip was performed and compared with age-matched noncleft children. Patients underwent lip adhesion at a mean age of 2.8 months, and cheiloplasty at 6.6 months of age using a modification the Mulliken method. Secondary rhinoplasty was performed at the age of 6 in 13 patients. The surgical results were analyzed using photographic records obtained at the age of 1 and 7 years. Twelve length measurements and one angle measurement were obtained. Results All measurements were not statistically different from those of the noncleft age-matched control group at the age of 1. At 7 years of age, upper lip height and vermilion mucosal height were shorter (p < 0.05) than in the control group. Nasal tip protrusion and the nasolabial angle were greater (p < 0.05) than in the control group. Conclusion Lip adhesion followed by secondary rhinoplasty resulted in an acceptable lip and nasal appearance. Although nasoalveolar molding is now widely used, lip adhesion can be an appropriate alternative if an orthodontist is not available due to geographical or economic constraints.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.47 no.3
• /
• pp.263-266
• /
• 2020

Infantile hemangiomas have a growth phase and an involution phase. For this reason, serial observation has generally been recommended as the treatment for uncomplicated infantile hemangiomas. Recently, however, individualized approaches have been emphasized. Although cleft lip and infantile hemangioma are common congenital diseases, infantile hemangiomas on the cleft side (i.e., in the operative field of the cleft lip) are extremely rare, and no clear guidelines have been established for their treatment. We experienced a case in which a patient with a cleft lip had an infantile hemangioma on the cleft side. In accordance with general treatment guidelines, cleft repair was performed 3 months after birth. The Millard rotation-advancement technique, which involves the use of a lower small triangular flap, was used for the repair. No intraoperative complications, such as massive bleeding, or postoperative complications were noted. The patient has received regular follow-up for the past 18 years, and other than a reddish scar on the lower lip, he currently has no related issues. Therefore, this case demonstrates that cleft lip repair performed according to cleft lip treatment guidelines produces good outcomes, even in cases involving a hemangioma on the cleft side.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.185-188
• /
• 2000

The goals of lip reconstruction are to provide oral competence, adequate support for the lower lip, contour restoration, adequate lip sulcus, and adequate oral aperture. The composite radial forearm palmaris longus free flap is thin enough that it can be folded onto itself without a significant increase in bulk. The flap is easy to dissect, the pedicle contains long vessels of large diameter, and the skin is a good color and texture match for the perioral region. Moreover, the vascularized tendon can be used for lower lip reconstruction. This makes the flap ideally suited for total lower lip reconstruction. We experienced the case of total lower lip excision and reconstruction with the radial forearm free flap including palmaris longus tendon, so we reported that case with literature. The patient has a lower lip squamous carcinoma(T3NIM0), and performed a total lower lip excision with right modified radical neck dissection and left extended supraomohyoid neck dissection, and a reconstruction with radial forearm free flap includng palmaris longus tendon. The oral competence and masticatory function were nearly normalized and cosmetical result was very acceptable.