• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.5 s.82
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• pp.591-598
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• 2000

This study was designed to analysis the airway which affects to breathing, speech and facial growth pattern in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients. Upper airway and the position of hyoid bone pattern were analyzed on the lateral cephalometric radiographs of the 78 subjects of complete unilateral cleft lip and palate group and each group was divided two sub-groups by circumpubertal growth peak and gender. These data were statistically analyzed to examine the difference between pre-circumpubertal growth peak group and post-circumpubertal growth peak one, and between male and female group. The results of this study were as follows: 1. After circumpubertal growth peak stage, the position of hyoid bone was lower than before in both male and female group. 2. After circumpubertal growth peak stage, the measurement were increased in CV3ia-APH, PNS-ad which related to the volume of pharyngeal space. This was due to the decrease of adenoid and anteroiferior growth of mandible and affected to breathing and speech after circumpubertal growth peak. 3. During circumpubertal growth peak stage, all measurements increased more in male than female group, which due to the different amount of growth in different gender. 4. The position of hyoid bone was lower in male than female group in all age group. 5. After circumpubertal growth peak stage, CV3ia-APH increased more in male. This was due to the more growth in madible of male which resulted in the activation of digastric muscle.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.6 s.65
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• pp.891-904
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• 1997

Today's orthodontic treatment goals lie in functional esthetics, and the importance of the latter is increasing gradually in trend. Considering such, study on growth and development of soft as well as hard tissues becomes inevitable. Early studies emphasize mainly on skeletal analysis using cephalometric data. However, more recent studies report that maxillofacial soft tissue, which plays a critical role in determining facial esthetics, is influenced by underlying hard tissue, and yet close relationship between them was not noticed. Cephalometric x-rays were taken of 137 Korean boys and 106 girls with no systemic disease, fair developmental status and normal occlusion for two consecutive years; afterwards, soft tissue analysis, which was divided into four parts, facial form lip position & posture, nose, and thickness, was done to correlate them with general growth.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.22 no.3 s.38
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• pp.657-673
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• 1992

Orthodontic treatment of cleft patients is difficult as the growth is different from that of normal ones. So it is very important to know the characteristic features of the craniofacial morphology and growth pattern in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients. The materials for this study consisted of 55 normal males and 50 unilateral cleft lip and palate ones who received cheiloplasty and palatoplasty previously. The cleft subjects were divided into 4 groups according to their ages kto find out the growth pattern of hard and soft tissue, and to compare the features with those of normal ones. Each cephalogram analysed by McNamara method and others. The obtained results were as follows 1. In the unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects, forward growth of the maxilla was smaller than that of normal ones from 9 years old. So the maxilla was retruded. The maxillary incisors were severely retruded in all age groups. 2. The mandibular overall length and its anteroposterior position did not show any significant differences between two groups. But the height of ramus was very short and the mandible had vertical growth tendency to compensate for undergrowth of the maxilla in cleft subjects after 12 years of age. 3. Horizontal growth of the soft tissue in middle face was smaller than that of any other facial region from 9 years old. The vertical growth rate of upper lip was decreased as growing old. 4. In cleft subjects, the upper and lower facial component angle and the facial convexity angle were large. So their facial profile changed to straight or concave as growing old.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2014

Objective: To determine Korean facial profile preferences based on lip position as assessed by Hispanic-Americans of varying western adaptation levels and to determine whether the age and sex of the rater had any influence. Methods: For this study, 132 Hispanic-Americans and 68 Caucasians of varying age, sex and western adaptation levels volunteered to rate their preference of Korean male and female facial silhouettes having lips ranging from retruding to protruding. The Hispanic-Americans were also asked to complete a Bidimensional Acculturation Scale questionnaire to determine their western adaptation status: low-acculturated Hispanics (LAH; lesser western-adapted Hispanic participants) or high-acculturated Hispanics (HAH; higher western-adapted Hispanic participants). Results: The LAHs preferred significantly more retruded lip positions (p < 0.05) while HAHs showed some similarities with Caucasian participants in the results for the Korean male profile, even though HAHs preferred more retruded lip positions for the Korean female profile than Caucasians did (p < 0.05). The age and sex of raters did not influence the preference of facial profiles (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that Hispanic-Americans prefer a flatter Korean lip profile. It would be prudent for orthodontists to offer patients the option of altering lip profile through orthodontic and/or orthognathic surgery treatments.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.524-534
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• 2004

Statement of problem: The meaning of the beauty has a little different nature according to a time, culture, and nation. Purpose : This study was undertaken to estimate the geometric esthetic criteria for Korean woman by analysis of facial photograph in a smiling. Material and methods: The facial photographs of 678 Korean beautiful woman were collected from Miss Korea candidates(from 1971 to 2003 year). The dento-facial composition was measured and analyzed geometrically on computer monitor using $Adobe^{(R)}$ $Photoshop^{(R)}$ 7.0. The statistical significance of the differences among the 4 decade groups was estimated by a $x^2$ test. Result : The Korean beautiful woman skewed the geometric characteristics such as the 'coincidence' (83.0%) between facial midline and dental midline, the 'normal' (96.9%) alignment and arrangement of upper anterior teeth. the 'average' (79.1%) position and 'upward' (53.4%) curvature of upper lip, the 'parallel' (85.7%) relationship between the lower lip and upper anterior incisal curvature, the 'touching' (49.9%) and 'not-touching' (44.8%) relationship between upper anterior incisor and towel lip, the 'first premolar' (54.1%) and 'second premolar' (38.9%) displayed in a smile, and the 'symmetry' (89.4%) of smile. There was statistical significance among the 4 decades in the respect of the upper lip curvature, the relationship between upper anterior incisor and lower lip, and the most posterior teeth displayed in a smile (p<0.05). Conclusion : The Korean beautiful woman showed similar results to the western esthetic criteria in the some respects and the tendency that the Korean woman had more active smiling recently.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.168-177
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• 2013

Objective: In this study, we aimed to examine the relationship between chin deviation and the positional and morphological features of the mandible and to determine the factors that contributed to chin deviation in individuals with a unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 28 adults with UCLP were analyzed in this study. Segmented three-dimensional temporomandibular fossa and mandible images were reconstructed, and angular, linear, and volumetric parameters were measured. Results: For all 28 individuals, the chin was found to deviate to the cleft side by 1.59 mm. Moreover, among these 28 individuals, only 7 showed distinct (more than 4 mm) chin deviation, which was toward the cleft side. Compared to the non-cleft side, the mandibular body length, frontal ramal inclination, and vertical position of the condyle were lower and inclination of the temporomandibular fossa was steeper on the cleft side. Furthermore, the differences in inclination of the temporomandibular fossa, mandibular body length, ramus length, and condylar volume ratio (non-deviated/deviated) were positively correlated with chin deviation. Conclusions: UCLP individuals show mild chin deviation to the cleft side. Statistical differences were noted in the parameters that represented positional and morphological asymmetries of the mandible and temporomandibular fossa; however, these differences were too small to indicate clinical significance.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.119-127
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• 2010

Recently, we have launched a large-scale articulatory study to investigate how the three-way contrastive stops (i.e., lenis, fortis, and aspirated) in Korean are kinematically expressed (i.e., in terms of articulatory movement characteristics) in various contexts, using a magnetometer (Electromagnetic Articulography). In this paper, we report some preliminary results about how the three-way bilabial series /p,$p^h,p^*$/ produced in /Ca/ context in isolation are kinematically characterized not only during the lip closure but also during the following vocalic articulation. Some important notes could be made from the results. First, the degree of lip constriction (as measured by the lip aperture between the upper and lower lips) was smaller for the lenis /p/ and larger for the fortis/aspirated /$p^*,p^h$/, showing a two-way distinction during the closure. Second, the tongue lowering for the following vowel was more extreme after the lenis /p/ than after the fortis/aspirated /$p^*,p^h$/. Regarding this vocalic articulatory difference in the tongue height, we discussed the possibility that the articulatory tension associated with the fortis/aspirated stops is further reflected in the lingual vocalic movement maintaining the tongue position to a certain level for the following vowel /a/, while the lenis consonant does not impose such articulatory constraints, resulting in more tongue lowering. Finally, the temporal relationship between the release of the stop closure and the lowest tongue position of the following vowel remained constant, suggesting that CV coordination is invariantly maintained across the consonant type. This pattern was interpreted as supporting the view that the consonant and vowel gestures are coordinated in much the same way across languages.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.13-21
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• 2011

The present study investigated the effects of two different sources of prosodic strengthening, i.e., boundary and accent, in the articulation of English high front vowels, /i/ and /I/. The vowels were investigated in vowel-initial ('eat' vs. 'it'), /h/-initial ('heat' vs. 'hit') and /p/-initial words ('Pete' vs. 'pit'), which were placed in varying prosodic conditions. Using Electromagnetic Articulograph (EMA), the tongue dorsum positions in the x and y dimensions, the lip opening and the jaw opening (lowering) were measured. With respect to the boundary-induced strengthening, results showed that /i/ and /I/ in vowel-initial words ('eat' - 'it') are produced with a higher tongue position in the domain-intial than domain-medial positions. The fact that the vowels only in the vowel-initial condition showed the domain-intial strengthening (DIS) effect suggests that the DIS effect is localized mainly to the initial position (the locality account). As for the accent-induced strengthening, vowels were produced with a more fronted tongue position and larger lip opening in accented than unaccented positions. This suggests that the presence of accent increases overall sonority of the vowels in various prosodic contexts, and enhances primarily the frontedness of the front high vowels. Taken together, the results indicate that the two types of prosodic strengthening are articulatorily realized differently, supporting the view that they are encoded separately in the speech planning process. The present study also showed the distinction between the two high front vowels in the tongue position (in both the frontedness and the height dimensions), while the jaw did not seem to contribute to the distinction robustly, suggesting that the tongue contributes more in distinguishing the two vowels than the jaw does.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2004

This study is intended to provide a referable information of exposed amount of maxillary central incisor of Korean by ages and gender under rest position. The result of this study will give guidelines for making prothesis. The subjects of this study are patients of Charmgoun Dental Hospital in Busan, Korea. A statistical analysis was conducted after taking digital photos of patients' teeth with a ruler and measuring the length of teeth on the computer program. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The length of maxillary central incisor that exposed under upper lip is decreased by increasing age in rest position.; the average length is 3.455mm in 20s, 2.525mm in 30s, and 1.543mm in 40s. 2. The exposal length in females is more than males, average length is 2.796mm in female and 2.342mm in male. However, there is not significant difference between the genders. 3. The exposed average length of maxiallry central incisor under upper lip is 2.618mm at rest. 4. The clinical crown average length of maxillary central incisor is 10.195mm, but incresing age, there is no significant defference. 5. There is significant difference between the genders in the clinical crown length of maxillary central incisor.; the length is 10.637mm in men, 9.90mm in women.

• Korean Journal of Cleft Lip And Palate
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• v.2 no.1_2
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• pp.29-41
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• 1999

Cleft lip and palate is the most frequent congenital facial deformity of the orofacial area. Successful management of patients with cleft lip / palate requires a multidiciplinary approach from birth to adult stage. Coordinated treatment by the cleft palate team is an essential requirement to obtain optimum treatment results. One of the negative effect of the early surgical interventions of lip and palate is a significant incidence of maxillary growth restriction that produces secondary deformities of the jaws and malocclusion that includes congenital missing of lateral incisor, malformed teeth, rotation or ectopic position of upper anterior teeth, and it has been thought due to the resistance of palatal scar tissue. In Orthodontic treatment for cleft lip / palate patients, expansion of upper dental arch or palatal suture is often needed to correct posterior and/or anterior cross bite and align upper teeth. Various appliances such as hyrax, quad-helix, fan-type expansion screw and jointed-fan type expander can be used for palatal expansion. In the orthodontic treatment of the cleft lip / palate patient, we must consider patient age and severity of palatal constriction for proper appliance selection, and must pay special attention to maintain the treatment results.