• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.789-806
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• 2010

As calls for more attention toward social minority group increases in our society recently, in the field of mathematics education more attention toward an issue about mathematics underachievers is being amplified. Thus, the present study is to examine the effects of teaching method considering students' cognitive characteristics on mathematical underachievers' problem solving and mathematical disposition. For this study, 10 fifth graders identified as mathematical underachievers based on the results of the national level diagnosis assessment and school based assessment were voluntarily selected from an elementary school in Seoul. The results of this study found out the fact that students participating in this program improved in terms of an ability both to solve problems in various ways and to explain an process of problem solving using spoken or written language and drawings. In addition, learning environment respecting students' own mathematical ideas seems to positively influence students' attitudes toward mathematics learning and mathematical dispositions. Furthermore, this study pointed out that mathematical underachievers tend to have difficulty in expressing their own mathematical thinking by reason of linguistic limitation. Finally, the findings of this study imply that for effective teaching of mathematics underachievers, these students' own informal experience and knowledge about mathematics as well as their characteristics regarding learning difficulties should be strongly considered.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.351-367
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• 1999

This study aims to study the discourses influencing high school students' concept and attitude toward mathematics, and to examine how gender differences concerning mathematical aptitude are created. This study is based on the results of previous two studies which suggested that mathematical competence differs not only according to gender, region and school year, but also even within the same gender. For this study, 12 students ranking in the top 10% at two co-ed high schools were interviewed to find out 1) what discourses are related to gender and mathematics, 2) in what way these discourses are formulated and gain currency, and 3) how they have affected students in general. Common notions concerning mathematics may be summed up as follows: 1) Most of the students believe that gender difference in mathematical aptitude results because biologically men tend to be strong in mathematics and analytical skills while women tend to have better linguistic ability. This concept can help male students' studying to have a greater learning toward mathematics. 2) A large number of the students believe that male students' studying method is based on comprehension whereas female students' method is based on retention, and hence the former group tends to be better at applying their learning than the latter group. This notion seres to encourage male students and discourage female students from tackling difficult mathematical problems. 3) Many students believe that, although female students may surpass their male counterparts in middle school or the first year of high school, they will eventually fall behind by the 3rd year. Despite research which shows that these common beliefs are not grounded in scientific proof, high-school girls, who may be strong in mathematics, lose self-confidence and feel a sense of crisis. The mechanisms which produce and reinforce such concepts as those mentioned above can be summarized as follows: 1) Regarding the choice of majors and future career paths, parents show different attitudes toward sons and daughters, and this tends to influence high-school girls and hinders them from entering mathematics-related fields. 2) Teachers with value systems based on stereo-typed gender roles affect students a great deal, and give different advice according to gender of their students, for selecting their major fields - for instance, whether to study the natural sciences as opposed to humanities. 3) This study indicates that peer-group behavior, of either support or exclusion, also reinforces the process of internalizing notions of gender difference related to mathematical aptitude. 4) The gender-based notion that men are naturally more inclined to have better mathematical ability has caused male students to choose the natural science subjects and female students to turn to the humanities. The discourses discussed above, propagated in schools and homes, and in the mass media, are continually reinforced along with general gender inequalities in the society at large.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.51-67
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the essential contents in the 'Family' unit of the 2009 revised middle school Home Economics textbook and look into the capability of parents with respect to such essential contents. The results of this study showed the followings: First, the essential content deemed to be the most important in the 'Family' unit of Home Economics textbook was found to be the communication, followed by the conflict and gender equality. Second, the communication capability of parents were found to have the most significant correlation with the education level. In the social skill or linguistic skill, mothers were found to have greater capability than fathers were. Third, in relation to the integrating strategies with respect to the conflict management strategies of parents, fathers used the integrating strategies more frequently than mothers. The partition strategies were found to be used more often among the mothers, while the avoiding strategies were found to be used more frequently among the fathers. Fourth, the gender equality consciousness was higher among the mothers, compared to the fathers, and was higher among the parents who had daughters rather than sons.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.196-206
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to identify Korean adolescents' sexual harassment conditions and patterns in schools as well as their psychological reactions when they are under sexual harassments or they committed sexual harassments. The subjects were 475 middle and high schoolers in Pusan and Gyeong Sang Nam-Do. The survey was executed from July 1 through Dec. 31, 2000. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS WIN 8.0 using percentage, mean. The results of this study were as follows: 1. the linguistic sexual harassment such as 'lewd jokes or dirty talks' was the major pattern(35.4%), The body touching such as 'kiss or embracing', 'internet transmission of pornography', 'sexual harassing of body characteristics', touching breast', 'grasping of hands or body touching', 'body touching in secret place', 'urging to sit in touch or on knees', 'exposing of special body areas', and 'showing pornography' followed in a row. 2. The eighteen point three percents of subjects had the experience to commit sexual harassment. The forty four point seven percent of above subjects committed it against their classmates. The first time to commit sexual harassment was their middle school period (38.4%). Their motives to commit it were as under: 'killing time'(48.8%), 'annoying', 'attracting attention from the other sex', 'expressing lovely emotions', 'urging of their friends', 'misunderstanding that the other partners felt good when they experienced sexual harassment, 'showing their strength' etc. their with committing harassments they felt as under ; 'joyful'(61.6%), 'funny,' 'desirous to try again', 'thrilling', 'breaking stress', very pleasant', 'exciting', 'regretful', 'guilty', and 'feeling fear' etc. 3. Twenty four point two percents of the population exposed to sexual harassments. The sexual harassers were almost their classmates (42.7%). And then unknown people', 'boy or girl friends and school staffs' followed in a row. The places where harassments happened were 'inside classroom'(69.8%), 'school bus and subway', 'outside school', etc. The feelings when experienced harassments were 'anger' (51.3%), 'hurting self-respect', 'embarrassing', 'rejection', 'insulting', 'shame', 'fear', 'dislike', 'anxiety', 'melancholy' etc. The reasons not to have consultations after sexual harassments were 'worrying to be well-known'(49.6%), 'believing not helpful enough', 'regarding simple mischief', 'trying to revenge directly', 'understanding their mistakes', 'worrying retaliation' etc.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.51-63
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• 2020

Phonological awareness is a metalinguistic awareness ability of phonology and is known to predict language skills, such as reading and vocabulary skills. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between phonological awareness, phonological processing, and language skills in 4- to 6-years-old typically developing (TD) children and children with language delay (LD). A total of 32 children (TD=18, LD=15) participated in this study. They performed a phonological awareness task consisting of counting, deletion, and discrimination at syllable level. Nonword Repetition, Digit Backward, Receptive & Expressive Vocabulary Test, and Grammaticality Judgment Task were performed to analyze the correlation between phonological awareness, phonological processing, and language ability. A multiple stepwise regression analysis was performed to examine the phonological awareness subtasks that predict language ability. In the TD group, the syllable categorization task significantly predicted the receptive vocabulary and the performance of the Grammaticality Judgment Task. The LD group showed that the syllable counting task significantly predicted the receptive vocabulary, the expressive vocabulary, and the performance of the Grammaticality Judgment Task. The results showed that the phonological awareness performance was significantly different between the two groups. Further, correlation analysis and regression analysis showed different results for each group. The result of the phonological awareness performance predicted the language ability of each group significantly, suggesting the importance of the meta-linguistic awareness ability of phonology.

• Sijohaknonchong
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• v.30
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• pp.219-240
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• 2009

Jasan An Whak did research on the essence of Sijo to show that Sijo has some features as a literature. I tried to show the formation process of Sijo theory in 1930s through Jasan's Sijo theory. As a preparatory step for it, I introduced Jasan's Sijo theory released in early 1930s and examined the characteristic aspects of it. Jasan recognized a literature as a directing post that reveals the history of our national spirit. He thought a literature as a foundation for satisfying new age. Also, he recognized the essence of a literature as a emotional expression. He emphasized that a new literature in Joseon age should have not only particularity of Joseon literature but also universality of modern literature. Jasan studied style of Sijo. Because he was at the time of modernization, he used the term, 'style', instead of 'poongkyeok', which had used before modern time. He tried to show linguistic artistry of Sijo through the series of his works about the style of Sijo. Jasan tried to find formal beauty of Sijo in the aspect of rhythm instead of rhyme. And he claimed that poetic words can be lengthened or shortened to be harmonious with the melody of Sijo. In other words, it is possible to change the words of Sijo for harmonizing with a tune. Jasan recognized that the words of Sijo have a musical function as well as a semantic function.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.246-253
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• 2013

The present study was carried out to evaluate the impacts of the qualities of dental medical services on service value, consumer satisfaction and consumer loyalty for 221 patients who visited 17 dental hospitals or clinics located in Busan and Ulsan using questionnaires and obtained the following conclusion. By gender, males had higher perceptions of para-language than females did in the qualities of the dental medical services, and by the level of education, college students and university graduates had higher perceptions of body language and physical appearance. Scores of service value, consumer satisfaction and customer loyalty were higher in males, college students and university graduates, and married patients, but those were not statistically significant. It turned out that the qualities of the dental medical services were correlated with service value, consumer satisfaction and consumer loyalty. As the perception of para-linguistic and verbal communication in the qualities of the medical services increased, service value increased; as the perception of verbal communication and physical appearance increased, consumer satisfaction increased; and as the perception of verbal communication, physical appearance and body language increased, consumer loyalty increased. To sum up the above findings, the qualities of dental medical services influence service value, consumer satisfaction and consumer loyalty, so in the future, it will be necessary to study quality dental medical services with which patients are satisfied.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.25-46
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• 2000

Pain can be evaluated by experimental methods and clinical methods, but due to subjective characteristics of pain, clinical methods are generally used. The clinical pain measurement tools are divided into unidimensional and multidimensional assessment tools. The former include Visual Analogue Scale, Verbal Rating Scale, Numerical Rating Scale, Pain Faces Scale, and Poker Chip Tool and the latter include McGill Pain Questionnaire, MMPI, Pain Behavior Scale, Pain disability index, and Pain Rating Scale. Unidimensional pain scales mainly measure the intensity of pain on the basis of the patient's self report and their simple construction and ease of use enable the invesgator to assess acute pain. Multidimensional pain scales are used to evaluate subjective, psychological and behavioral aspects of pain and because of its comprehensive and confidential properties they are applied to chronic pain. Patient's linguistic and cognitive abilities are major factors to restrain accurate assessment of pain. Although behavioral patterns and vital sign are inferior to self-report in the measurement of pain, they can be useful indexes in those situations. When deciding on a pain-assessment tool, the investigator must determine which aspect of pain he or she wishes to evaluate on the characteristics of the group of patients, their backgrounds, and their communication skills. Making the proper choice will facilitate the acquisition of meaningful data and the formulation of valid conclusions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.970-976
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• 2007

In this study, Polynomial Network Pattern Classifier(PNC) based on Fuzzy Inference Mechanism is designed and its parameters such as learning rate, momentum coefficient and fuzzification coefficient are optimized by means of Particle Swarm Optimization. The proposed PNC employes a partition function created by Fuzzy C-means(FCM) clustering as an activation function in hidden layer and polynomials weights between hidden layer and output layer. Using polynomials weights can help to improve the characteristic of the linear classification of basic neural networks classifier. In the viewpoint of linguistic analysis, the proposed classifier is expressed as a collection of "If-then" fuzzy rules. Namely, architecture of networks is constructed by three functional modules that are condition part, conclusion part and inference part. The condition part relates to the partition function of input space using FCM clustering. In the conclusion part, a polynomial function caries out the presentation of a partitioned local space. Lastly, the output of networks is gotten by fuzzy inference in the inference part. The proposed PNC generates a nonlinear discernment function in the output space and has the better performance of pattern classification as a classifier, because of the characteristic of polynomial based fuzzy inference of PNC.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.131-156
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the importance of parental beliefs, parental attitudes and parental behaviors of parents with preschool children and the relationship of the variables in an attempt to help preschoolers to gain multiple-intelligence experiences in an integrated manner in consideration of their interests, needs, strengths and weaknesses. A survey was conducted on the selected parents who had preschool children, and a multiple regression analysis was carried out to look for connections among the variables. The findings of the study were as follows: First, the preschool girls were ahead of the preschool boys in linguistic intelligence, musical intelligence and spatial intelligence, and the latter surpassed the former in logical-mathematical intelligence. Second, whether there would be any differences among the preschoolers in multiple intelligences according to age was analyzed, and those who were at the Western age of five were ahead of the four-year-olds in logical-mathematical intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence and naturalist intelligence. Third, the parental attitude of the parents was identified as the most influential variable for the multiple intelligences of the preschoolers, followed by parental behavior. Parental beliefs just had a very small impact on their multiple intelligences. The findings of the study imply that parents should be helped to improve their parental attitude and parental behavior to boost the multiple intelligences of their preschool children.