• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.411-416
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• 1996

Supercritical fluid extraction of ${\beta}$-carotene from carrot was optimized to maximize ${\beta}$-carotene (Y) extraction yield. A central composite design involving extraction pressure ($X_1$ 200-,100 bar), temperature ($X_2,\;35-51^{\circ}C$) and time ($X_1$$ 60-200min) was used. Three independent factors ($X_1,\;X_2,\;X_3$) were chosen to determine their effects on the various responses and the function was expressed in terms of a quadratic polynomial equation,$Y={\beta}_0+{\beta}_1X_1+{\beta}_2X_2+{\beta}_3X_3+{\beta}_11X_12+{\beta}_22X_3^2+{\beta}_-12X_1X_2+{\beta}_12X_1X_2+{\beta}_13X_1X_3+{\beta}_23X_2X_3,$ which measures the linear, quadratic and interaction effects. Extraction yields of ${\beta}$-carotene were affected by pressure, time and temperature in the decreasing order, and linear effect of tenter point (${\beta}_11$) and pressure (${\beta}_1$) were significant at a level of 0.001(${\alpha}$). Based on the analysis of variance, the model fitted for ${\beta}_11$-carotene (Y) was significant at 5% confidence level and the coefficient of determination was 0.938. According to the response surface of ${\beta}$-carotene by cannoical analysis, the stationary point for quantitatively dependent variable (Y) was found to be the maximum point for extraction yield. Response area for ${\beta}$-carotene (Y) in terms of interesting region was estimated over $10,611{\mu}g$ Per 100 g raw carrot under extraction.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.366-373
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• 2021

This study attempted to establish a field data-based write analysis standard by analyzing field observation data, which is non-linear data of southern garlic. Five regions, including Goheung, Namhae, Sinan, Changnyeong, and Haenam, were selected for analysis. Observation values for each observation station were extracted from the temperature data of farmland in the region through inverse distance weighted. Southern-type garlic production and temperature data were collected for 10 years, from 2010 to 2019. Local regression analysis (Kernel) of the obtained data was performed, and growth temperatures were analyzed, such as 0.8 (18.781℃), 0.9 (18.930℃), 1.0 (19.542℃), 1.1 (20.165℃), and 1.2 (21.042℃) depending on the bandwidth. The analyzed optimum temperature and the grown temperature (4℃/25℃) were applied to extract the growth temperature for each temperature by using the temperature response model analysis. Regression analysis and correlation analysis were performed between the analyzed growth temperature and production data. The coefficient of determination(R²) was analyzed as 0.325 to 0.438, and in the correlation analysis, the correlation coefficient of 0.57 to 0.66 was analyzed at the significance probability 0.001 level. Overall, as the bandwidth increased, the coefficient of determination was higher. However, in all analyses except bandwidth 1.0, it was analyzed that all variables were not used due to bias. The purpose of this study is to accommodate all data through non-linear data. It was analyzed that bandwidth 1.0 with a high coefficient of determination while accepting modeling as a whole is the most suitable.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.71-79
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• 1998

Purpose : The objective of this study is to introduce our installation of a non-commercial 3D Planning system, Plunc and confirm it's clinical applicability in various treatment situations. Materials and Methods : We obtained source codes of Plunc, offered by University of North Carolina and installed them on a Pentium Pro 200MHz (128MB RAM, Millenium VGA) with Linux operating system. To examine accuracy of dose distributions calculated by Plunc, we input beam data of 6MV Photon of our linear accelerator(Siemens MXE 6740) including tissue-maximum ratio, scatter-maximum ratio, attenuation coefficients and shapes of wedge filters. After then, we compared values of dose distributions(Percent depth dose; PDD, dose profiles with and without wedge filters, oblique incident beam, and dose distributions under air-gap) calculated by Plunc with measured values. Results : Plunc operated in almost real time except spending about 10 seconds in full volume dose distribution and dose-volume histogram(DVH) on the PC described above. As compared with measurements for irradiations of 90-cm 550 and 10-cm depth isocenter, the PDD curves calculated by Plunc did not exceed $1\%$ of inaccuracies except buildup region. For dose profiles with and without wedge filter, the calculated ones are accurate within $2\%$ except low-dose region outside irradiations where Plunc showed $5\%$ of dose reduction. For the oblique incident beam, it showed a good agreement except low dose region below $30\%$ of isocenter dose. In the case of dose distribution under air-gap, there was $5\%$ errors of the central-axis dose. Conclusion : By comparing photon dose calculations using the Plunc with measurements, we confirmed that Plunc showed acceptable accuracies about $2-5\%$ in typical treatment situations which was comparable to commercial planning systems using correction-based a1gorithms. Plunc does not have a function for electron beam planning up to the present. However, it is possible to implement electron dose calculation modules or more accurate photon dose calculation into the Plunc system. Plunc is shown to be useful to clear many limitations of 2D planning systems in clinics where a commercial 3D planning system is not available.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.177-184
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• 1974

An attempt was made to determine simple and the most reasonable fertilizer recommendation for barley utilizing the present knowledge about the effect of soil and climatic factors on barley response to NPK fertilizer in Korea and establishing the critical contents of available nutrients in soils. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The relationships between relative yields or fertilizers rates for maximum yields from quadratic response curves and contents of organic matter, available $P_2O_5$, exchangeable K in soils were examined. The trend was more prospective with relative yields because of smaller variation than with fertilizer rates. 2. Since the relationship between N relative yields and organic matter contents in soils was almost linear over the practical range, it was difficult to determine the critical content for nitrogen response by quadrant methods. However, 2.6%, country average of organic matter content in upland soils was recommended as the critical point. 3. There showed a trend that average optimum nitrogen rater was higher in heavy texture soils, colder regions. 4. The critical $P_2O_5$ contents in soil were 96 or 118 ppm in two different years, which were very close to the country average, 114 ppm of $P_2O_5$ contents in upland soils. The critical K content in soil was 0.32 me/100g, which was exactly coincident to the country average of exchangeable K in upland soils. 5. According to the contents of avaiiable $P_2O_5$ and exchangeable K, several ranges were established for the purpose of convenience in fertilizer recommendation, that is, very low, Low, Medium, High and very High. 6. More phosphate was recommended in the northern region, clayey soils, and paddy soils, whereas less in the southern region and sandy soils. More potash was recommended in the northern region and sandy soils, whereas less in the southern region and clayey soils. 7. The lower the PH, the more fertilizers were recommended. However, liming was considered to be more effective than increas in amount of fertilizers.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.65-80
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• 1968

The physico-chemical properties of nine selected thallium borosilicate glasses and other 21 supplementary compositions were investigated. Their composition-property curves are found to be in many respects analogous to those of other borosilicate glasses containing lithia, soda, and lead oxide. It is indicated that certain minima found in the composition-property curves of thallium borosilicate glasses might be caused by a change in boron coordination as has been observed to occur in the $Na_2O-B_2O_3-SiO_2$ glasses. Typical effects of thallium ions on the borosilicate glass are summarized as follows: 1) Addition of thallium ions increased density, refractive index, water solubility, linear coefficient of thermal expansion, and dielectric constant. 2) Increased concentration of thallium decreased the softening point of the glasses, caused fluorescence under ultraviolet radiation and smeared out the absorption edges up to $15{\mu}$ in the infrared region. An extensive liquid immiscibility was found by replication electron microscope technique in the $Tl_2O-B_2O_3-SiO_2$ system. The immiscibility covers a composition range roughly from 55 wt. % Tl2O to the binary system $B_2O_3-SiO_2.$ By acid treatment, it was found that the immiscible glass consists of separate silica-rich and boron-rich phases.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.92-117
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• 2004

Korea has the glorious documentary cultural heritage including Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, Memory of the World, from old times. But We had been felt into serious situation, it is very difficult to find some records of late years, through rapid changes of society in modern history. Fortunately, in 1999, "law of archives management in public sector" was enacted but It is some difficult to apply to field. Accordingly, We studied archives laws and record management systems, education systems in Japan and China, neighborhood countries and compared them with Korea's. Life cycle of Gathering, Managing, Using records & archives is reflected in China's archives law, "Dangan" and It is useful to referred to Korea. On the other hand, Japan and Korea's archives law focus on administering and capturing records and archives. In case of Management agency of archives, China has a linear managing system from state to regional agency and Japan and Korea have different system in State and Region. We recommend following items ; reform archives law, status of government archives, professional education and arrangement etc.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.360-367
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to perform three-dimensional (3D) assessment of facial soft tissue in patients with skeletal Class III and mandibular asymmetry after orthognathic surgery. Methods: Samples consisted of 3D facial images obtained from five patients with A point-nasion-B point angle less than 2 degrees, and more than 5 mm of menton deviation. All patients had been treated at Gangneung-Wonju National University Dental Hospital from 2009 to 2012. They had undergone orthognathic surgery of Lefort I, and sagittal split osteotomy for correction of skeletal deformity, and orthodontic treatment. Facial scanning was performed before treatment (T1) and post-surgical orthodontic treatment (T2). Linear and angle variables of soft tissue landmarks, antero-posterior facial depth, and facial volume were measured. Results: No significant differences in width of the alar base, mouth width, and nasal canting were observed between T1 and T2. However, lip deviation, menton deviation, alar canting, lip canting, and menton deviation angle were significantly reduced at T2. Antero-posterior facial depth on the axial plane parallel to the left cheilion was significantly reduced on the deviated side and significantly increased on the non-deviated side at T2. Volume of the lower lateral and lower medial parts of the face was reduced on the deviated side, and volume of upper lateral and lower lateral parts on the non-deviated side was significantly increased at T2. Conclusion: After orthognathic surgery, facial asymmetry of soft tissue was improved following skeletal changes, especially the mandibular region. Although the length of the alar base and mouth width did not change, lip and soft tissue menton were displaced to the medial side after treatment. Facial depth also became symmetric after treatment. Facial volume showed a decrease on the lower part of the deviated side and that on lateral parts of the non-deviated side showed an increase after treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.102-113
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• 2005

Ecosystem is composed of human, biotic and abiotic environment. Landscape is an ecosystem which appear in a unit region. These landscape are the spatiotemporal land mosaic which is combined with various landscape elements. And, land use and land cover changes are important factors of landscape structure changes. This study is mainly focused on the analysing the spatiotemporal change patterns of Daegu metropolitan sphere forest landscape, using landscape indices and Ecosystem Service Value (ESV) which quantify ecosystem structures and functions. The results of this study are as follow: The encroachment and fragmentation of forest were due to linear developments, i. e. road construction, rather than large-scale developments such as residental lands or industrial complexes. And, the core area percentages of landscape gradually decreased and these could possibly deteriorate the soundness of forest areas by reducing the core areas which are habitats of species. In addition, there was intimate relations between ESV and forest landscape area. The results of this study can be detached standards for impartial judgements between the logic of development & conservation, and basic standards for the establishment of development plans, i. e. metropolitan-plans, which are adequately reflected ecosystem value.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.49 no.9
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• pp.113-127
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• 2012

Face detection methods using image processing have been proposed in many different ways. Generally, the most widely used method for face detection is an Adaboost that is proposed by Viola and Jones. This method uses Haar-like feature for image learning, and the detection performance depends on the learned images. It is well performed to detect face images within a certain distance range, but if the image is far away from the camera, face images become so small that may not detect them with the pre-learned Haar-like feature of the face image. In this paper, we propose the far distance face detection method that combine the Aadaboost of Viola-Jones with a saliency map and user's attention information. Saliency Map is used to select the candidate face images in the input image, face images are finally detected among the candidated regions using the Adaboost with Haar-like feature learned in advance. And the user's eye-tracking information is used to select the interest regions. When a subject is so far away from the camera that it is difficult to detect the face image, we expand the small eye gaze spot region using linear interpolation method and reuse that as input image and can increase the face image detection performance. We confirmed the proposed model has better results than the conventional Adaboost in terms of face image detection performance and computational time.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 2015

Cryopreservation of boar semen is continually researched in reproductive technologies and genetic resource banking in breed conservation. For evaluating the boar semen quality, sperm motility (MOT) is an important parameter because the movement of spermatozoa indicates active metabolism, membrane integrity and fertilizing capacity. Various researches have been trying to improve the quality of semen post-thawed in boar. Recently, polymorphism (g.358A>T) of cluster-of-differentiation antigen 9 (CD9) gene reported to be significant association with MOT. Also, CD9 gene was expressed in the male germ line stem cells is crucial for sperm-egg fusion, and was therefore selected as candidate gene for boar semen. This study was conducted to evaluate the pig SNP (g.358A>T) of CD9 gene as a positional controlling for semen parameters of post-thawed boar semen. To results, the g.358A>T SNP of the CD9 gene was significantly associated with the traits such as MOT, curve linear velocity, straight line velocity, average path velocity and amplitude of lateral head displacement. Particularly, the g.358A>T SNP significantly has the highest association with MOT and animals with AA genotype (p<0.001). Therefore, we suggest that the g.358A>T in the intron 6 region of the porcine CD9 may be used as a molecular marker for Duroc boar Post-thawed semen quality, although its functional effect was not defined yet.