• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.224-233
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• 2012

The limiting sequence and relative ratio of lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), and threonine (Thr) for calves about 2 mo of age fed milk replacers (MR) containing soy protein are not clearly defined. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of supplementing MR containing 22% CP, half from soy protein concentrate (SPC, 40.56% CP, flour) and half from whey proteins, with Lys, Met, and Thr to estimate amino acid (AA) sequence and their relative ratio for calves about 2 mo of age. A method of partial deduction of AA was adopted. Twenty-four newborn calves (half males and half females, $40.7{\pm}0.9$ kg of BW) were fed 1 of 4 MR diets for 56 d (n = 6/diet). The diets were supplemented with all (positive control) or with 2 of the 3 AAs: Lys, Met and Thr, (i.e., PC (22% CP, 2.34% Lys, 0.72% Met and 1.80% Thr), PC-Lys (22% CP, 1.64% Lys, 0.72% Met and 1.80% Thr), PC-Met (22% CP, 2.34% Lys, 0.50% Met and 1.80% Thr), and PC-Thr (22% CP, 2.34% Lys, 0.72% Met and 1.26% Thr)). Calves were fed thrice daily; starter (20% CP, 1.03% Lys, 0.30% Met and 0.69% Thr), hay (3.23% CP, 0.29% Lys, 0.12% Met and 0.23% Thr) and water were offered free choice. Starter and hay were only offered beginning on d 36 (after 5 wk) and d 43 (after 6 wk), respectively. BW, body size and blood samples measures were taken every two weeks. Three-day total collection of feed refusals, feces, and urine were recorded starting at d 33 and d 54 of age, respectively. From the results, the limiting sequence and relative ratio between the 3 AAs in calves with different diet structures were calculated. The limiting sequence of the 3 AAs were ranked as Lys, Met and Thr; the proper ratio was 100:29:70 for MR-only diet and 100:30:60 for diets consisted of MR, starter and hay. Nitrogen digestion and utilization and nutrient digestibility were negatively affected by AA deletion treatments. From the evidence of this experiment, it did not appear that the AA limiting sequence was selectively altered by differences in diet structures such as would be encountered in practice. The relative ratio between the 3 AAs varied with the offer of starter and hay to calves, and the average ratio was 100:29.5:65 for calves during 2 to 10 wk of age.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.733-741
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• 2007

The effects of intra-duodenal infusion of methionine (Met), lysine (Lys) and leucine (Leu) on dry matter intake (DMI), the concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), growth hormone (GH) and insulin in plasma, and liver IGF-I mRNA level were investigated in two experiments for Liuyang Black growing wether goats. In Experiment 1, three goats ($10.0{\pm}0.1$ kg) were fitted with ruminal, proximal duodenal and terminal ileal fistulaes to determine the infusion amounts of Met, Lys and Leu at the duodenum according to essential amino acid flows into the duodenum and their apparent digestibility. The infusion amounts were 0.77 g/d, 0.91 g/d and 0.58 g/d respectively. In Experiment 2, 4 groups of goats (($10.0{\pm}0.2$ kg) for each group, were cannulated at the duodenum, and were infused with a mixture of Met, Lys and Leu (Control), or mixtures with 21% Met, Lys or Leu replaced with glutamate respectively on a nitrogenous basis. The replacement of 21% Met, Lys or Leu with glutamate did not affect intakes of maize stover, concentrate or both (p>0.05) when compared with the control. The replacement of 21% Met or Lys significantly (p<0.05) reduced plasma GH, insulin and IGF-I concentrations and liver IGF-I mRNA level. The replacement of 21% Leu with glutamate reduced (p<0.05) plasma IGF-I concentration only, but not plasma insulin and GH, as well as liver IGF-I mRNA level (p>0.05). The close relationships between supplying Met and Lys in the lumen of the duodenum and plasma IGF-I, GH and insulin concentrations, as well as liver IGF-I mRNA level in this study indicate that the effects of the limiting amino acids on nutrition of animals are likely intermediated via their effects on these hormones, and these hormone profiles could be used as intermediate markers for the limiting order of amino acids.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.336-340
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• 1984

미역에서의 알진산 추출조건과 그 추출잔사의 아미노산 조성을 검토하였다. 알진산의 추출에 있어서는 시료중량의 60배량의 1.0% $Na_{2}CO_{3}$용액을 추출제로 사용하여 $80^{\circ}C$에서 추출하는 것이 가장 수율이 높았으며, 추출시간은 3시간 이상이 적합하였다. 또한 알진용액에서 알진산겔을 석출하는 과정에서 용액의 pH를 2.0으로 조절할 때 가장 수율이 높았으며, 이때 석출제로서 10% $H_{2}SO_{4}$를 사용할 경우가 10% HCl의 경우보다 높은 수율을 보였다. 알진용액을 분리한 후 잔유되는 추출잔사의 성분을 분석한 결과 조단백질이 51.5%(건물기준)였으며, 아미노산 조성에 있어서는 제한아미노산이 lysine으로서 단백가는 41.5였다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.75-80
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• 2019

Oilseed rape is known to crop having low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) but requires high levels of N fertilizer. NUE is associated with N remobilization from source to sink organ, consequently affects seed yield. Remobilization of leaf N is also related to transport of C/N metabolites in phloem. However, interaction between seed yield and phloem transport was not fully documented. In response to seed yield, N and C metabolites and their transport into seed from bolting to pod filling stage investigated in two contrasting genotypes (Capitol and Pollen) cultivated under ample (HN) or limiting nitrate (LN) supply. Seed yield was significantly reduced in N limitation and its reduction rate was much lower in Capitol than in Pollen compared to HN treated plants. Amino acid and protein content was higher in Capitol than in Pollen at bolting stage. They gradually decreased during plant development but not significant between two cultivars and/or two treatments. Glucose, fructose and sucrose content were 1.8-,1.6- or 1.25-fold higher in LN condition than in HN condition, respectively. Amino acid and sucrose content in phloem were largely higher in Capitol than in Pollen under LN condition. These results indicate that the higher seed yield might be related to greater transport ability of amino acid and sucrose in phloem under LN condition.

• 약학회지
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.74-77
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• 2009

Food deprivation decreases hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels, which is ascribed to alterations in availability of hepatic cysteine, a rate limiting factor for the GSH synthesis. The present study examines the effects of food deprivation on hepatic metabolism of sulfur amino acid in male rats. In rats fasted for 24 or 48 hours, hepatic GSH levels were decreased from $6.70{\pm}0.16{\mu}mol/g$ liver to $4.02{\pm}0.20$ or $4.06{\pm}0.07{\mu}mol/g$ liver, respectively. Hepatic S-adenosylmethionine levels were also decreased in fasted rats, but S-adenosylhomocysteine levels were increased. Hepatic methionine levels were not changed by food deprivation for 48 hours. On the other hand, hepatic cysteine or taurine levels were increased from $106.2{\pm}4.1$ to $130.0{\pm}2.7$ nmol/g liver or from $2.45{\pm}0.43$ to $5.07{\pm}0.78{\mu}mol/g$ liver, respectively, in 48-hour fasted rats. Activity of cystathionine beta-synthase catalyzed homocysteine to cystathionine, was markedly decreased, but activity of betaine homocysteine methyltransferase was increased in fasted rats, indicating that methylation of homocysteine to methionine is activated. Also activity of cysteine dioxygenase, involved in taurine synthesis, was increased. These results suggested that hepatic methionine levels were maintained in rats fasted for 48 hours through increase in homocysteine methylation, and hepatic GSH may serve as a cysteine supplier reservoir in fasting state.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.19-32
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• 1976

실험실에서 제조된 메주와 한국에서 보내온 재래식가정 메주와 개량메주를 사용하여 장을 담그고 8개월동안의 숙성(장담금)기간중 일어나는 화학성분변화를 검토하였고 메주 종류에 의한 차이를 비교하였다. 또한 분석된 아미노산 조성에 의거하여 과정에 일어나는 대두단백질의 영양가 변화를 추정하였다. 8개월간의 숙성기간중 일반 화학조성의 변화는 거의 일어나지 않았으나 수용성 질소율은 메주의 $13{\sim}29%$에서 $66{\sim}78%$로 증가되었다. 유리아미노태 질소율은 메주의 $4{\sim}7%$에서 8개월 숙성후 $29{\sim}35%$로 증가되었으며 암모니아태 질소율은 $1{\sim}4%$에서 $5{\sim}14%$로 증가되었다. 메주장 숙성중에 일어나는 이들 질소화합물의 성분변화는 사용된 메주의 종류에 크게 의존하였다. 숙성중 메주의 아미노산 조성도 크게 변화되었으며, 특히 methionine은 숙성 1개월동안 급격히 감소하여 원래 농도의 거의 1/2에 달하게되며 그후 숙성 7개월동안 농도의 변화가 없었다. Arginine 과 histidine 은 숙성 1개월이 지난 후부터 나머지 7개월 동안 급격히 파괴되었다. 한편 메주제조 과정까지는 거의 존재가 없던 ornithine 이 숙성과정중에 상당량이 합성되었다. 대체적으로 숙성 3개월동안은 아미노산 조성의 전반적인 큰 변화가 일어나지 않았으며, 이들 변화는 사용된 메주의 종류에 따라 큰 차이를 보였다. 3개월된 실험실 메주로 8개월 장담금을 하였을 경우 대두중의 영양가 수율은 탄수화물이 99%, 조지방이 107%, 조단백질이 93%, 총 아미노산이 74%였다. Histidine, arginine 및 methionine은 과정중 가장 심한 손상을 보였으며 회수율은 각각 25, 27, 및 49%였다. 한편 lysine회수율은 79%였다. 장 걸름 과정 즉, 간장과 된장의 분리과정에 의하여 메주장중에 함유된 약 60%의 조단백질, 거의 모든 조지방 및 80%의 탄수화물이 된장에 남아 있었다. 또한 된장은 lysine을 제외한 모든 아미노산의 농도(16g 중)가 간장보다 높았다. 대두 및 메주를 포함한 모든 시험장류의 제한 아미노산은 methionine 과 cystine 등 유황을 함유하는 아미노산이었으며 제2제한 아미노산은 원류대두에서 valine, 메주와 대부분의 메주장에서 threonine, 된장에서 lysine 그리고 대부분의 간장에서는 tryptophan 으로 나타났다. FAO 표준 아미노산 조성을 기준으로 한 원료 대두 단백질의 단백가(chemical score)는 82 였으며 이것은 대두의 삶음과정에서 77로 저하되었으며 메주발효과정에서 $71{\sim}74$로 다시 저하되었다. 재래식 가정메주의 단백가는 실험실 메주의 그것보다 낮았으며 개량메주는 실험실 메주보다 높은 단백가를 나타내었다. 메주장의 8개월 숙성후 단백가는 $51{\sim}66$으로 상당히 떨어졌으며 분리에 의하여 된장의 단백가는 $60{\sim}71$로, 간장은$45{\sim}57$의 단백가를 갖게되었다. 일반적으로 개량메주로 만든 장들이 높은 단백가를 가졌으며 가정 메주로 만든 장들은 가장 낮은 단백가를 나타내었다. 계란 단백질 조성을 기준으로한 필수 아미노산지수(EAAI)는 단백가(chemical score)와 유사한 수치를 나타내었다. 그리고 이 필수 아미노산지수는 검체단백질중의 아미노산조성의 전반적인 변화를 단백가보다 더 근사하게 나타내었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.424-439
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• 1990

땅콩 보존품종에 대한 단백질 특성을 조사하여 고단백 유전자원을 선발하고 아미노산 함량의 품종 및 환경변이를 밝혀 고단백 양질 아미노산 조성 품종육성을 위한 자료를 얻을 목적으로 시험하였다. 작물시험장에서 수집한 땅콩 164품종의 단백질 함량을 분석하였으며, 5개 지역에서 재배된 9개 장려품종의 아미노산 변이와 분획 단백질의 아미노산 특성 차이를 검토하였다. 1. 공시된 땅콩 164품종의 평균 단백질 함량은 24.5%였으며 최고 28.7%, 최저 19.5%로 9.2%의 변이를 보였다. 2. 초형에 따른 단백질 차이는 적었으며, 립중에 따라서는 소립이 대립중에 비해 단백질 함량이 높았으며 특히 Spanish type 품종에서 립중에 따른 단백질 차이가 컸다. 3. 품종의 도입지역에 따라서는 대만이나 Philippine 품종들이 단백질 함량이 높았고 국내 육성품종과 일본품종은 낮았다. 4. 단백질 함량과 100립중, 주당협실중 간에는 부의 상관을 보였으나 유의성은 인정되지 않았고, 기름함량과는 정의 상관을 나타냈다. 5. 품종 및 재배지역에 따른 필수 아미노산과 반아미노산 총량의 차이가 있었으며 aspartic acid도 품종과 지역간 차이가 인정되었고, arginine, lysine, methionine, glutamic acid, glycine, tyrosine은 지역간 차이가 phenylalanine은 품종차이가 있었다. 6. 땅콩 장려품종에서의 제한 아미노산은 isoleucine, methionine, threonine, arginine, lysine이었다. 7. 단백질 fraction별로 볼 때 아미노산은 prolamins, globulins, glutelins, albumin순으로 많았으며 필수아미노산 비율은 globulins에서 가장 많았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.1638-1652
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• 2000

Prolific females require better nutrition and feeding practice because of larger litter size and the substantial decline in body fat. Life-time pig output will be compromised if body protein and fat are not properly managed. First litter females are especially vulnerable because they can loose ${\geq}15%$ of whole-body protein. Conservation of body protein mass during first lactation minimizes wean to estrus interval and increases second litter size (up to 1.2 pigs). The ability to influence litter-size by amino acid nutrition is a new dimension in our understanding. A P2 fat depth below 12 mm at farrow and below 10 mm at wean compromised wean to estrus interval (>2 d) and next litter size (0.5 to 1.5 pigs) in sows. It is now clear that a 'modest' excess of feed during the first 72 h of pregnancy decreases embryo viability so that the potential for an increased litter size at birth is not realized. The capacity for milk production by prolific young sows is 25% higher than the standard used previously (NRC, 1988). First litter females averaged 9.82 kg milk/d for a 21 d lactation. Second and third litter counterparts averaged 10.35 kg/d. Milk production was 95% of peak by 10 d of lactation and sows were in greatest negative energy and lysine balance during the first 6 d. Nearly 45% of the total loss in body protein occurred within the first 6 d, but this could reduced to 30-35% by using a more aggressive feeding strategy after parturition. There appear to be 2 phases in lactation for lysine need (d 2-12 vs 12-21). Feeding to the higher level alleviates the second litter size decline. The lysine requirement for lactation can be predicted with accuracy, but we are not able to predict the second limiting amino acid. Mammary uptake of valine relative to lysine and recent work with practical diets suggest that the recent NRC (1998) pattern is realistic and that threonine and valine could be co-limiting for corn-soy diets for prolific sows nursing 10-11 pigs. Empirical studies are needed to refine the ideal pattern so that synthetic lysine can be used with more confidence. Milk fat output for the elite sow is extraordinary and poses an unnecessarily high energetic cost. Methods that reduce mammary fat synthesis will benefit the sow and may enhance piglet growth.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.290-294
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• 1987

우리나라에서 보리 가공품으로 식용되고 있는 보리쌀, 할맥 및 납작보리의 영양 성분을 분석 비교하였다. 보리쌀 및 납작보리의 일반 성분 및 열량은 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 할맥은 단백질 및 지방질 함량이 다소 낮았으며 열량은 보리쌀과 납작보리와 같은 값을 보였다. 칼슘과 인의 비는 평균 0.143이었고 필수 아미노산과 질소와의 비는 평균 1.66이었다. 아미노산 값은 할맥이 가장 높았고 다음이 납작보리이었다. 주 지방산은 리놀레산, 팔미트산 및 올레산으로서 전체의 92%를 차지하였다. 고도 불포화 지방산과 포화 지방산의 비는 납작보리가 가장 낮았다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2015

Drought is one of the major abiotic constraints limiting quantity and quality of rice grain. In order to elucidate the effects of drought on chemical compositions of rice grain, seedlings were cultivated in a rainout shelter controlled with well-watered or water-deficit conditions. After harvesting, the key components including proximates, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins of rice grains were analyzed. Drought stress increased the amounts of methionine, phenylalanine, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, calcium, potassium, vitamin B1, and vitamin E in rice grains, whereas it decreased the contents of lignoceric acid. Particularly, drought stress caused a marked increase in vitamin E content. These results indicate drought significantly influence the chemical compositions of rice grains.