• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.143-150
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• 2009

High salt concentration is one of the most important limit factor on plant growth at a disused saltpan for golf course construction site. The control of salt in soil is definitely required and the monitoring of salt concentration in soil and ground water also required to amend soil physiochemical properties. This research was carried out to monitor the pH and salt concentration changes by the height of ground water. By the physiochemical analysis test, the soil contains a high salt concentration and classified as a slight alkaline clay soil. The height of ground water table changed to 1.3m, 3.3m and 2.8m at dry season(mid-late June, 2005), monsoon season(early-mid July) and after monsoon(late July), respectively. Compare to the average ground level of 2.9m, the ground water was over flooded about OAm at monsoon season. The electrical conductivity(ECe) was measured above $4.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ over all areas and however, some areas showed over $20dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. During a monsoon season, ECe was lowered to $1.2{\sim}15.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, compared with those of the dry season. Therefore, the interception of the capillary connection between planting layer and ground water which contains high salt concentration should be adapted when golf courses are constructed on disused saltpan. The phytotoxicity caused by salt damage may be controled by the interception of capillary fringe of salt flow to the topsoil profile at the upper layer of the ground water table.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 2015

Sodium is an essential nutrient with very important functions, including regulation of the extracellular fluid volume and active transport of molecules across the cell membranes. Since high levels of dietary sodium are associated with a high prevalence of hypertension, prehypertension, and other adverse effects on health, many national and international health organizations (WHO, FAO, etc.) recommend that sodium intake should be significantly decreased. In developed nations, cheese products, from among many processed foods, can cause high salt intake. Hence, there is an urgent need to reduce the content of salt in cheese processing, using various substitutes of sodium chloride (NaCl). In general, salt (NaCl) has been used as a food preservative to limit and (or) kill the growth of foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms by decreasing the water activity, and to improve texture and flavor. To maintain public health, the salt content in cheese should be decreased without influencing the physicochemical properties of cheese. Therefore, the objective of this review is to outline the upcoming technologies used to reduce the salt content in different types of cheese using various substitutes.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.143-154
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• 2009

(Y $\times$ L) $\times$ D-crossbred gilts and barrows weighing $80.2\pm0.2$ kg were fed a "medium-energy" (ME) or "low-energy" (LE) diet (3.2 vs 3.0 M cal DE/kg) and slaughtered at 110, 125, or 138 kg, after which physicochemical and sensory quality traits of major primal cuts of resulting carcasses were analyzed, under a 2 (sex) $\times$ 2 (diet) $\times$ 3 (slaughter weight; SW) factorial arrangement of treatments. The ADG and ADFI were greater (P<0.01) in barrows than in gilts and also in 125- and 138-kg vs 110-kg SW. Moreover, ADG and gain:feed were greater in ME vs LE (P<0.01), whereas ADFI was greater in LE vs ME (P<0.01). Backfat thickness, which increased with increasing SW (P<0.01), was not affected by sex or diet. Carcass marbling score was greater (P<0.01) in gilts and LE than in barrows and ME, respectively. Carcass quality grade, which was superior in LE vs ME, was not affected by SW, whereas the yield grade decreased abruptly between 125- and 138-kg SW primarily due to the upper limit of carcass weight imposed on the A and B grades. Physicochemical characteristics including pH, drip loss, and variables pertaining to color of belly, ham, and loin were not affected significantly by any of the treatment factors, albeit statistically significant in some cases, in terms of quality criteria. In sensory evaluation, the acceptability of fresh belly was not influenced by any of the treatment factors. Marbling score of fresh ham was greater in LE vs ME (P<0.01) and tended to increase between 110- and 125-kg SW (P=0.10); in loin, the increase of this variable between the two SW was significant (P<0.01). Following cooking, LE was superior to ME in the acceptability in belly and ham, but the effect of SW was insignificant in any of the sensory quality traits evaluated in this study in any of the three major primal cuts. In conclusion, the present results suggest that SW can be increased to up to 138 kg without compromising carcass quality and that LE has some beneficial effects on quality of the whole carcass and the major primal cuts.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1030-1041
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• 2018

Abiotic stresses limit the growth and productivity of plants. Cellular adaptation to abiotic stresses requires coordinated regulation in gene expression directed by complex mechanisms. This study used the activation tagging system to identify novel salt stress-responsive genes. The study selected 9 activation tagging lines that showed salt stress-tolerant phenotypes during their germination stages. Thermal asymmetric interlaced-PCR (TAIL-PCR) was used to identify the T-DNA tagging sites on the Arabidopsis genome in selected activation tagging lines, including AT7508, AT7512, AT7527, AT7544, AT7548, and AT7556. RT-PCR analysis showed that ClpC2/HSP93-III (At3g48870), plant thionin family (At2g20605), anti-muellerian hormone type-2 receptor (At3g50685), vacuolar iron transporter family protein (At4g27870), and microtubule-associated protein (At5g16730) were activated in AT7508, AT7512, AT7527, AT7544, and AT7556, respectively. Interestingly, in AT7548, both the genes adjacent to the T-DNA insertion site were activated: Arabinogalactan protein 13 (AGP13) (At4g26320) and F-box/RNI-like/FBD-like domains-containing protein (At4g26340). All of the seven genes were newly identified as salt stress-responsive genes from this study. Among them, the expression of ClpC2/HSP93-III, AGP13, F-box/RNI-like/FBD-like domains-containing protein gene, and microtubule-associated protein gene were increased under salt-stress condition. In addition, AT7508, AT7527, and AT7544 were more tolerant to salt stress than wild type at seedling development stage, functionally validating the screening results of the activation tagging lines. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the activation tagging system is useful for identifying novel stress-responsive genes.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.168-175
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• 1998

To evaluate the storage characteristics of pheasant meat products, contents of aerobic, anaerobic and food poisoning bacteria as well as VBN were measured during storage at various temperatures. 1. During the storage Escherichia coli and food poisoning bacteria including Salmonella, Shigella and Staphylococcus were not detected from any of the pheasant meat products. 2. Total plate counts of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria increased with storage temperature, showing more than $10^6CFU/g$ of most pheasant meat products within 5~10 days of storage at $20^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$. However, frank sausage, loin ham, pressed ham and salad showed less than $10^5CFU/g$ in 20~30 days of storage at $20^{\circ}C$. 3. When stored at $10^{\circ}C$, smoked product, electric roasted product and pressed ham showed the bacterial counts of more than $10^4CFU/g$ within 10 days of storage. Frank sausage, loin ham and salad, however, showed less than $10^3CFU/g$ in 10 days of storage at $10^{\circ}C$. 4. VBN contents of smoked product, electric roasted product and frank sausage exceeded edible limit of 20 mg%, showing more than 40 mg% and 80 mg% within 5 days and 10 days, respectively, of storage at $10^{\circ}C$. In contrast, loin ham, pressed ham and salad had the VBN of less than 20 mg% in 10 days of storage at $10^{\circ}C$. In summary, while pheasant meat products in general appear to be prone to microbial growth, loin ham and salad are thought to have a longer storage period than others, showing about 10 days of preservation at $10^{\circ}C$. Products other than loin ham and salad are suggested to be stored frozen or refrigerated at below $10^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.641-646
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• 2013

Chemical properties of agricultural soils in Korea have been investigated at four-year interval in order of paddy, polytunnel, upland, and orchard soils since 1999; polytunnel soils were investigated over the whole country in 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012. Polytunnel soils were taken from the surface (0-15 cm) and subsurface (15-30 cm) at 2,651, 1,274, 1,374 and 1,374 sites in all provinces of South Korea. One hundred sampling sites located in more than 400 m altitude were additionally investigated in 2008 and 2012. Average of soil chemical properties in 2012 except Jeju province were 6.6 for pH, 3.2 dS $m^{-1}$ for EC, 37 g $kg^{-1}$ for organic matter (OM), 1,049 mg $kg^{-1}$ for available (Avail.) phosphate, 1.58 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ for exchangeable (Exch.) K, 10.6 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ for Exch. Ca, and 3.3 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ for Exch. Mg. Except pH, averages of all chemical properties exceeded the upper limit of optimal range. The median values except pH showed a lower value than the averages. The pH, OM and Exch. Ca had slightly increased from 6.3 to 6.6, from 34 to 37 g $kg^{-1}$, and from 7.7 in 2000 to 10.6 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ in 2012, respectively. The order of sample ratios exceeding the optimal range were Avail. $P_2O_5$ (83%) > Exch. Ca (80%) > Exch. K (70%) > Exch. Mg (65%) > EC (55%) > OM (48%) > pH (29%) in 2012. The order of sample ratios below the optimal range was OM (25%) > Exch. K (25%) > pH (20%), Exch. Mg and Avail. $P_2O_5$ (9%) > Exch. Ca (6%) in 2012. The excessive proportion of pH, Exch. Ca, Exch. Mg and OM slightly increased, while the insufficient proportion of those decreased. Approximately 55% of polytunnel soils exceeding EC 2 dS $m^{-1}$ was evaluated with salt accumulated soils having the risk of growth disorder of crops. Nutrient contents in polytunnel soils in Korea showed high level especially Avail. $P_2O_5$ and Exch. cations. Therefore, recommended fertilization based on soil testing or plant testing is needed for soil nutrient management.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.91-96
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• 2015

Stable production of green manure crop is one of the critical factor for successful implementation of environmental-friendly agriculture in South Korea. Most green manure crops including hairy vetch cultivated in South Korea must be passed cold winter season. This study was conducted to establishment of cultivation zones on green manure crops under paddy field in South Korea using on minimum temperature and drainage class. In order to build the spatial distribution map, hairy vetch, triticale, barley, rye, and clover as green manure crop were selected and mean of daily minimum temperature and drainage class in paddy field were considered as limiting factor for stable growth of green manure crop. And cultivation zone on green manure crops was divided into two categories; 'Availability area' and 'Safety area'. Low limit temperature on green manure crops in this study was the following. Temperature on 'Availability area' was $-10^{\circ}C$, $-8^{\circ}C$, $-6^{\circ}C$, and $-20^{\circ}C$ for hairy vetch (including triticale), barley, clover, and rye respectively. And temperature on 'Safety area' was lower $-2^{\circ}C$ compared to that of 'Availability area' exception rye which was the same degree. Rye was expected to safely cultivated the almost whole paddy field (99.71%) of South Korea. 'Safety area' among the whole paddy field for hairy vetch, barley, and clover were 86.58, 53.06, and 15.76% respectively. The spatial distribution map of green manure crops reestablished in this study could be used the policy and agricultural management for environmental-friendly agriculture using green manure crops in South Korea.

• Journal of Chitin and Chitosan
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.244-255
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• 2018

Natural extract in liquid phase was adjusted to 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4% concentration to check microbial changes and to measure 4, 8, $12^{\circ}C$ for refrigeration temperature. In the case of grapefruit extract, the microbial safety was maintained at all the concentrations at $4^{\circ}C$ storage, but the antimicrobial activity was maintained at $12^{\circ}C$ storage and at $8^{\circ}C$ and 21 days storage. In the case of grape seed extract, only the 4% of the culture at $8^{\circ}C$ satisfied the requirement of safety of food distribution for the last 21 days, and the safety criterion was satisfied only at 4% concentration at $12^{\circ}C$ for 18 days. Complex Scutellaria baicalensis extract showed the total number of microbial cells treated by concentration. It was confirmed that microbial flow safety was maintained at low temperature ($4^{\circ}C$). However, at $8^{\circ}C$ and $12^{\circ}C$, Exceeded the distribution limit. When polylysine was applied to brown rice cake, it showed activity in all groups except $4^{\circ}C$, but these properties were not observed at $8^{\circ}C$ and $12^{\circ}C$. At a concentration of 0.5% or more of chitosan, the growth of the microorganism is suppressed by the 21st day very stably, and a similar tendency is observed at 8 and $12^{\circ}C$, so that it may be an antimicrobial material that inhibits microorganisms. At the first day, the distribution standards for general bacterial counts were exceeded.Ethyl-pyruvate showed that microorganism safety was maintained at $4^{\circ}C$ and 1% concentration, and food safety was stable even at 2 or 4%. Glycine showed very good and stable distribution stability at $4^{\circ}C$. However, at $8^{\circ}C$ and $12^{\circ}C$, the shelf life of 14 days could not be maintained as with the addition of other antimicrobial active substances.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.128-138
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• 2019

Effects of feeding type and food resource availability on community structure of mollusks inhabiting hard-bottom subtidal areas were investigated. By following guidance from several references, mollusks observed in this study were divided into 5 groups according to feeding type - 1) grazing, 2) filter feeding, 3) deposit feeding, 4) omnivorous and 5) predation. The results showed that both grazing and filter feeders were the most numerous, explaining grazing type in the East Sea accounting for 47.9%, 32.6% in the South Sea and 29.6% for filter feeding, and filter feeding as a dominant feeding type in Yellow Sea accounting for 42.3%. Results of this study showed distinctive difference in community structure depending on mechanism of feeding type and geographical areas where sampling took place. With the results, attempts were made to understand whether community structure could be affected by feeding type or feeding availability and found out that community structure depended heavily on food resource availability. In the East Sea where marine algal density was high, the algal community in the forms of thick-leathery and sheet often occurred in water column with high transparency which provides proper environment for growth. In the South Sea where grazing and filter feeding types were predominated similarly, the algal density was high, but had the relative highest phytoplankton density. Whereas in the Yellow Sea showing the lowest algal biomass compared to the one in the East and the South Sea, and phytoplankton density was similar to those. It might be a adequate environment for filter feeders than grazers. This study concluded that community structure of mollusks showing high abundance was present where food resource availability with types and quantity was high.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.68 no.4
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• pp.413-421
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• 2023

Data on salt tolerance, optimal sowing depth, soil bulk density (pb) and cardinal temperatures required for the germination and emergence of perilla (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt) are scarce for reclaimed land soil. An experiment was conducted across six temperature treatments (10, 15, 20 , 25, 30, and 35℃) to determine the cardinal temperature for perilla seed germination and four salinity levels (0, 20, 40, and 60 mM) to determine the salt tolerance. Another experiment was performed for quantifying the emergence response of perilla to pb (1.1, 1.3, and 1.5 g cm^-3), sowing depth (1, 2, 3, and 4 cm) and soil salinity. The results revealed that increased sodium chloride levels caused a significant reduction in the seed germination at Deulhyang and Sodam. The optimum upper limit temperature was less than 35℃. The optimal sowing depth and soil bulk density were 1 cm and 1.1 g cm^-3 respectively. Perilla seedling growth was inhibited at 1.9 dS m^-1 although varying responses were observed. These results aid our understanding of the germination and emergence rate of these crops and provide data for field cultivation to optimize crop sowing in reclaimed land.