• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.65-76
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• 2022

Recently, not only traditional statistical techniques but also machine learning algorithms have been used to make more accurate bankruptcy predictions. But the insolvency rate of companies dealing with financial institutions is very low, resulting in a data imbalance problem. In particular, since data imbalance negatively affects the performance of artificial intelligence models, it is necessary to first perform the data imbalance process. In additional, as artificial intelligence algorithms are advanced for precise decision-making, regulatory pressure related to securing transparency of Artificial Intelligence models is gradually increasing, such as mandating the installation of explanation functions for Artificial Intelligence models. Therefore, this study aims to present guidelines for eXplainable Artificial Intelligence-based corporate bankruptcy prediction methodology applying SMOTE techniques and LIME algorithms to solve a data imbalance problem and model transparency problem in predicting corporate bankruptcy. The implications of this study are as follows. First, it was confirmed that SMOTE can effectively solve the data imbalance issue, a problem that can be easily overlooked in predicting corporate bankruptcy. Second, through the LIME algorithm, the basis for predicting bankruptcy of the machine learning model was visualized, and derive improvement priorities of financial variables that increase the possibility of bankruptcy of companies. Third, the scope of application of the algorithm in future research was expanded by confirming the possibility of using SMOTE and LIME through case application.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 1991

A pot experiment was conducted to find out the effects of lime and phosphate application on the changes of number of soil microorganisms, indigenous Rhizobium japonicum, nodule formation, and ureide-and amide-N in leaf and stem exudate of soybean plant under uncultivated hillside red earth in very low pH value, organic matter, available phosphate, and cation exchange capacity. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. The plant height, stem length, root dry weight and nodule weight were significantly increased with the application of lime and phosphate application than that of control plot. 2. The concentration of amide-N in soybean plant at the 45 days after sowing was obtained as high in order of control>lime> lime+phosphate while the concentration was obtained in order of Iime+phosphate>lime> control at flowering stage 3. However, concentration of ureide-N in the soybean leaf at the 45 days after sowing was obtained as high in order of control>lime>lime+hosphate while reversed concentration was obtained in stem. 4. The number of soil microorgan isms were increased with increase of pH value, available phosphate and soil exchangeable cation. 5. Significantly negative high correlation were obtained with the concentration of Al, Fe in soil and the concentration of amide-and ureide-N in soybean plant at flowering stage while positive correlation was obtained with plant growth and the concentration of ureide-N.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.80-85
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• 2003

This study was conducted to find out the effect of a lime stabilized slaughterhouse waste(LSW) on the growth of chinese cabbage and soil pH. Two levels of the lime stabilized slaughterhouse waste treatment, 169 and $338kg\;10a^{-1}$, with N-P-K fertilization were tested, and treatments of N-P-K and N-P-K with slaked lime were included in the experiment as a control. Fresh weight of chinese cabbage at harvest was not significantly different among the treatments. However, in the LSW treatment of $169kg\;10a^{-1}$, fresh weight of chinese cabbage was 5% higher comparing to the N-P-K treatment. Contents of N, P, and K in chinese cabbage were higher in the LSW treatments in comparison to the control treatments. Competitive inhibition of Mg uptake by Ca in the treatments of LSW and lime was apparent. Soil pH was increased by the application of LSW, and the increase in the LSW treatment of $169kg\;10a^{-1}$ was nearly the same as the soil pH increase in the slaked lime treatment. The lime stabilized slaughterhouse waste can be considered as a potential soil amendment for amelioration of soil acidity and supply of organic matter as well.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 1970

This experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of amounts of lime dressed on the growth of rice by the treatment of percolation and nonpercolation in the acid sulphate soil. And also analysis of soil chemical components after treatment was carried out. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. In the initial stage of growth, number of tillers and plant length showed no distinct differences between the treatments of percolation and nonpercolation, but after August the effect of lime appeared and the percolation treatment was more effective than the nonpercolation. 2. Lime dressing affected good influence on the panicles, grain per panicles and the rate of grain formation, and the treatment of percolation showed better results than nonpercolation. 3. If the yield of rough rice in the control (nonpercolation and lime dressing) was 100, it was 194 in the treatment of nonpercolation 12me/100gr of lime dressed, 268 in the treatment of percolation-4me/100gr of lime and 315 in the 8me/100gr-percolation. 4. Lime dressing affected good influence on the control of Helminthosporium leaf spots. 5. In the case of lime dressing, amounts of available phosphate and soluble silicon dioxide were increased, but ferrous ion ($Fe^{{+}{+}}$) were decreased.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.258-264
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• 1984

Pot and field experiments were conducted to find out the effects of lime application on growth and Cd uptake of paddy rice in Cd added and contaminated soils. Lime application to soil-applied Cd could reduce Cd content in brown rice as well as increasing rice yields compared to that of no lime. The optimum requirement of lime to maintain Cd content in brown rice below 0.4 ppm (precaution concentration) were 56,381 and 512kg/10a at 3, 6 and 12 ppm of Cd in soil by pot experiment and 142.7 and 623.9kg/10a at 1.5 and 5.4 ppm of Cd in soil by field trial, respectively. The recommendable soil pH before transplanting to keep the Cd content in brown rice below 0.4 ppm were 5.2, 7.2 and 7.5 at 3, 6 and 12 ppm of Cd in soil, respectively.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 2013

To see if slaked lime and organic fertilizer applications to soil are useful as countermeasures for reducing $^{99}Tc$ concentrations in rice seeds after $^{99}Tc$ contamination of paddy fields, pot experiments were performed for two different paddy soils in a greenhouse. The upper soils for a depth of about 20 cm were treated with the agricultural materials and $^{99}Tc$ 15 d before transplanting. The effects were compared using the transfer factor (TF) defined as the ratio of the plant concentration to the soil concentration. In the case of control plants, TF values for brown rice in the two soils were $4.1{\times}10^{-4}$ and $4.3{\times}10^{-4}$. Of various types of the application, only the application of slaked lime at a lower dose (about 0.6 kg $m^{-2}$), which led to a 60% reduction in the TF value for one soil, seemed to be worth using as a countermeasure. Little effect of the same application was found in the other soil so it is important to determine the effect averaged for a number of soils. Organic fertilizer applications at both of two different doses increased the TF value. It is considered necessary to perform experiments for slake lime applications at doses lower than the above.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.247-262
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• 1979

Majority of reclaimable soils in hillside lands in Korea are red yellow soils, with exception in Jeju island, where most of reclaimable hillside lands are composed of volcanic ash soils. Songjeong, Yesan and Samgag series are the major soil series of red yellow soils which are available for the reclamation. When observed in the fields, they are distinguished as reddish brown clay loam, red yellow sand loam and yellowish brown sand loam. They have moderately good physical properties but their chemical properties are generally poor for crop cultivations. The chemical properties of red yellow soils, as compared to long time cultivated (matured) soils, are characterized by very low pH, high in exchangeable Al content and phosphorus fixation capacity. Also extraodinary low available phosphorus and organic matter contents are generally observed. On the other, the chemical properties of volcanic ash soils are characterized by high armophous Fe and Al hydroxides and organic matter contents, which are the causative factors for the extremely high phosphorus fixation capacity of the soils. The phosphorus fixation capacity of volcanic acid soils are as high as 5-10 times of that of red yellow soils. Poor growth of crops on newly reclaimed red yellow soils are mainly caused by very low available P and pH and high exchangeable Al. Relatively high P fixation capacity renders the failure of effective use of applied P when the amount of application is not sufficient. Applications of lime to remove the exchangeable Al and relatively large quantity of P to lower the P fixation capacity and to increase the available P are the major recommendations for the increased crop production on red yellow hillside soils. Generally recommendable amounts of lime and P to meet the aforementioned requirements, are 200-250kg/10a of lime and $30-35kg\;P_2O_5/10a$. Over doses of lime. frequently induces the K, B, arid Zn deficiencies and lowers the uptake of P. In volcanic ash soils, it is difficult to alter the exchangeable Al and the P fixation capacity by liming and P application. This may be due to the peculiarity of volcanic ash soil in chemical properties. Because of this feature, the amelioration of volcanic ash soils is not as easy as in the case of red yellow soils. Application of P as high as $100kg\;P_2O_5/10a$ is needed to bring forth the significant yield response in barley. Combined applications of appropriate levels of P, lime, and organic matter, accompanied by deep plowing, results in around doubling of the yields of various crops on newly reclaimed red yellow soils.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.177-181
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• 1975

The pot experiment was conducted primarily to clarify the relationship between lime application and they amount of potassium for the basal and top dressings on paddy rice. (Orizae sativa L. cultivar; variety Jinheung) The soils mixed with lime and without lime were separately filled in to 0.2827 a. open-bottom concretepots. The soil with lime was treated with slaked lime, at two weeks before transplanting to correct soil pH. around 7.0. The total amount of potassium 12 kilograms per 10a was applied by two or three split doses during transplanting, 19 days after transplanting and primodial stages. The results of experiment obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The application of potash in the rate of 4kg per 10a or less for basal dressing and the remaining amount of potash for top dressing at 19 days after transplanting and primodial stage or one top dressing, at primodial stage have increased the yield of paddy with increased number of panicles per hill, milliequivalent ratio of $K^-/Ca^{++}+Mg^{++}$ in leaves in the later stage of growth, number of ripened grains per panicle, and rate of grain maturity. 2. On the other hand, the greater the amount of potassium given for the basal dressing (over 4kilograms per 10a), the smaller number of tillers and panicles were resulted. And the tendency was considered chiefly due to high salt concentration at the early stage of rice growth.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.223-242
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• 2022

The main purpose of this study is to find out the meaning of structural changes that appeared in the royal tombs of the Joseon Dynasty after the application of a compound lime-mortar(Sammulhoe三物灰: the mortar with lime, sand, ocher). In the early Joseon Dynasty, the royal tomb was constructed by following the system of the stone chamber tomb in the Goryeo Dynasty. However the system of the stone chamber tomb recorded in 『GukJo-OReYi(國朝五禮儀: The five category's formalities in the Joseon Dynasty)』 is very different from that in the Goryeo Dynasty. The biggest difference is that a compound lime-mortar was applied into the system of the stone chamber tomb in order to attempt structural reinforcement. This change reflects King Sejong's willingness to build a dense structure in which water does not permeate the stone chamber when Yeongneung(英陵) was built in 1446(the 28th year of King Sejong's reign). Yeongneung is a complex structure consisting of a stone chamber and compound lime-mortar wall. After constructing a stone chamber, the 1.2m(4尺) thick wall with a compound lime-mortar is additionally constructed outside the stone chamber structure. In 1468(the year of King Yejong's accession), according to the will of King Sejo, the stone chamber system was abolished and the Hyeongung(玄宮: the chamber enshrining a coffin of the deceased king or queen consort) was constructed only by the thick wall with a compound lime-mortar. This change become a primary cause for the royal tomb to be constructed as Hoekyukneung(灰隔陵: the royal tomb with chamber constructed only by the thick wall with compound lime-mortar) in the late Joseon Dynasty. The Hoekyukneung in the late Joseon Dynasty has been constructed with the method of structure and construction for the thick wall with a compound lime-mortar since the complex structure recorded in 『GukJo-OReYi(國朝五禮儀)』. The Hoekuykseoksilneung(灰隔石室陵: the complex structure consisting of a stone chamber and compound lime-mortar wall) is unique tomb style of Joseon Dynasty and become a motive of tomb system(Hoekuykneung) in the late Joseon Dynasty.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.179-182
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• 1983

A survey on the physiological disorder of green pepper plant in the on-farm vinyl house where the by-product lime of $CaC_2$ applied and a pot experiment were carried out simultaneous to find out the causes. The results are as follows: 1. The pepper plants grown under the application of by-product lime were characterized with the dark brown spots on the leaves and the hindered rooting. Finally the leaves wilted and fell down. 2. Respiration of pepper plant grown in field where tile by-product lime of calcium car-bide applied decreased. 3. Acethylene gas was considerably detected from by-product lime and from the soil where the by-product was used. The severity of physiological disorder increased as the amount of the gas detected.